1. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory comprising:
a memory cell;
a bit line connected to one end of the memory cell; and
a data circuit which is connected to the bit line and in which program data or read data concerning the memory cell is temporarily stored,
wherein the data circuit includes: first, second, and third data storage units; a first data transfer circuit connected between the first and third data storage units; and a second data transfer circuit connected between the second and third data storage units,
the first data storage unit is connected to the bit line, and the second data storage unit includes a function of forcibly changing a value of a first data stored in the first data storage unit based on a second data stored in the second data storage unit, and
the third data storage unit stores a third data different from the first data while the second data storage unit forcibly changes the value of the first data.
2. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 1, wherein the first and second data storage units are constituted of capacitors.
3. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 1, wherein the first data storage unit is constituted of a MOS capacitor.
4. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 1, wherein the second data storage unit is constituted of a MOS transistor whose gate is connected to the second data transfer circuit, and a third data transfer circuit is connected between a drain of the MOS transistor and the first data storage unit.
5. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 4, wherein the data circuit further includes: a fourth data storage unit connected to a data line via a column selection switch; and a fourth data transfer circuit connected between the first and fourth data storage units.
6. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 5, wherein the fourth data storage unit is constituted of a latch circuit.
7. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 6, wherein the latch circuit is constituted of a CMOS flip-flop circuit.
8. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 5, wherein the third and fourth data transfer circuits are constituted of MOS transistors.
9. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 5, further comprising: a control circuit which controls movement of the read data in the data circuit.
10. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 9, wherein with respect to the memory cell which has four states, the control circuit includes: means for storing first read data read from the memory cell at a first read potential into the third data storage unit; means for transferring the first read data to the second data storage unit from the third data storage unit; means for storing second read data read from the memory cell at a second read potential into the first data storage unit; means for forcibly changing a value of the second read data stored in the first data storage unit based on the first read data stored in the second data storage unit; and means for transferring the second read data to the fourth data storage unit from the first data storage unit.
11. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 5, further comprising: a control circuit which controls movement of the program data in the data.
12. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 11, wherein the control circuit includes: means for storing the program data into the fourth data storage unit; means for transferring the program data to the third data storage unit from the fourth data storage unit; and means for transferring the program data to the second data storage unit from the third data storage unit.
13. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 12, wherein with respect to the memory cell which has a function of storing two bit data and in which one bit data of the data is already stored, the control circuit includes: means for transferring the program data to the third data storage unit from the fourth data storage unit and subsequently resetting a state of the fourth data storage unit; and means for reading the one bit data stored in the memory cell into the fourth data storage unit.
14. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 13, wherein the control circuit includes: means for storing the read data into the first data storage unit by verify read; means for forcibly changing the value of the read data stored in the first data storage unit in accordance with the value of the one bit data stored in the fourth data storage unit; and means for storing the read data stored in the first data storage unit as the program data into the third data storage unit.
15. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 12, wherein the control circuit includes means for determining whether or not the threshold voltage of the memory cell is fluctuated based on the value of the program data stored in the third data storage unit at a writer operation time.
16. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 15, wherein the value of the program data stored in the third data storage unit is changed in accordance with the data read from the memory cell by verify read.
17. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 16, wherein the value of the program data stored in the second data storage unit does not always change.
18. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 17, wherein the control circuit includes: means for resetting a state of the third data storage unit after completion of programming with respect to the memory cell; and means for transferring the program data stored in the second data storage unit to the third data storage unit.
19. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 1, wherein the third data storage unit is constituted of a latch circuit.
20. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 19, wherein the latch circuit is constituted of a CMOS flip-flop circuit.
21. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 1, wherein the data circuit further includes: a clamp circuit connected between the bit line and first data storage unit; and a precharge circuit connected to the first data storage unit.
22. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 1, further comprising: a detection circuit which judges presenceabsence of completion of a program with respect to the memory cell based on the data stored in the third data storage unit.
23. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 1, wherein the first and second data transfer circuits are constituted of MOS transistors.
24. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 1, wherein the memory cell stores two bits or more data.
25. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 1, wherein the memory cell is a nonvolatile memory cell including a floating gate electrode and control gate electrode.
26. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 1, wherein for the program data stored in the second and third data storage units, in order to determine whether or not the threshold voltage of the memory cell is fluctuated based on the value of the program data stored in the third data storage unit at a write operation time, the control circuit includes: means for storing the read data into the first data storage unit by verify read; means for forcibly changing the value of the read data stored in the first data storage unit in accordance with the value of the program data stored in the second data storage unit; and means for storing the read data stored in the first data storage unit as the program data into the third data storage unit.
27. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory comprising:
a nonvolatile semiconductor memory cell which can electrically be rewritten;
a bit line connected to the memory cell;
a read circuit which reads out data of the memory cell and which includes a first data storage unit connected to the bit line, a second data storage unit having a function of forcibly changing a value of a first data stored in the first data storage unit in accordance with a second data stored in the second data storage unit, a third data storage unit having a function of latching a third data, and a data transfer circuit to transfer the third data stored in the third data storage unit to the second data storage unit; and
a read control circuit which reads a read data as the first data from the memory cell into the first data storage unit via the bit line, forcibly changes a value of the read data stored in the first data storage unit in accordance with the second data and the third data storage unit stores the third data different from the read data while the second data storage unit forcibly changes the value of the read data.
28. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 27, wherein the first and second data storage units accumulate electric charges into capacitors to store the data.
29. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 28, wherein the data transfer circuit is constituted of a first MOS transistor, the second data storage unit is constituted of a second MOS transistor, a source of the second MOS transistor is connected to a first electrode of a capacitor of the first data storage unit via a third MOS transistor, and a gate of the second MOS transistor is connected to the source of the first MOS transistor.
30. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory according to claim 29, wherein the third data storage unit is constituted of two CMOS flip-flops, connected to a drain of the first MOS transistor, and further connected to the first electrode of the capacitor of the first data storage unit via a fourth MOS transistor.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of transferring heat from a body portion of a mammal comprising the acts of:
determining a state of vasoconstriction or vasodilation in a portion of a body;
supplying heat to the portion of the body when vasoconstriction is determined; and
removing heat from the portion of the body when vasodilation is determined.
2. The method of approach 1, wherein the portion of the body is an arterial vascular anastamosis containing portion of the body.
3. The method of approach 1, further including the act of preselecting the portion of the body.
4. The method of approach 1, wherein the act of determining vasoconstriction or vasodilation includes sensing a characteristic of the body associated with the state of vasoconstriction or vasodilation.
5. The method of approach 1, wherein the act of determining vasoconstriction or vasodilation includes measuring blood flow.
6. The method of approach 5, wherein the act of measuring blood flow further includes measuring a volume of the portion of the body.
7. The method of approach 5, wherein the act of measuring blood flow further includes measuring blood flow by laser Doppler.
8. The method of approach 5, wherein a state of vasoconstriction is associated with a first range of blood flow levels and vasodilation is associated with a second range of blood flow levels.
9. The method of approach 1, wherein the act of determining vasoconstriction or vasodilation further includes measuring heat transfer from the portion of the body.
10. The method of approach 1, wherein the act of determining vasoconstriction or vasodilation further includes measuring the temperature of the body.
11. The method of approach 1, wherein the act of determining vasoconstriction or vasodilation further includes measuring the core body temperature.
12. The method of approach 1, wherein the act of determining vasoconstriction or vasodilation further includes measuring tympanic temperature.
13. The method of approach 1, wherein the act of determining vasoconstriction or vasodilation further includes measuring skin temperature of a portion of the body.
14. The method of approach 1, wherein the act of determining vasoconstriction or vasodilation further includes measuring bio-impedance of a portion of the body.
15. The method of approach 1, wherein the act of determining vasoconstriction or vasodilation further includes measuring light absorption of a portion of the body.
16. The method of approach 1, wherein the act of determining vasoconstriction or vasodilation further includes providing an EKG.
17. The method of approach 1, wherein the act of determining vasoconstriction or vasodilation further includes providing an ECG.
18. The method of approach 1, further including the act of controlling at least one of vasoconstriction or vasodilation.
19. The method of approach 18, wherein controlling at least one of vasoconstriction or vasodilation includes the act of inducing vasodilation in a portion of the body.
20. The method of approach 18, wherein controlling at least one of vasoconstriction or vasodilation includes the act of inducing vasoconstriction in a portion of the body.
21. The method of approach 18, wherein the act of controlling at least one of vasoconstriction or vasodilation includes applying a surface treatment to the portion of the body.
22. The method of approach 18, wherein the act of controlling at least one of vasoconstriction or vasodilation includes influencing the thermoregulatory system of the mammal.
23. The method of approach 18, wherein the act of controlling at least one of vasoconstriction or vasodilation includes influencing the Pre-Optic Anterior Hypothalamus (POAH) of the mammal.
24. The method of approach 18, wherein the act of controlling at least one of vasoconstriction or vasodilation includes providing at least one preselected visual stimulus.
25. The method of approach 18, wherein the act of controlling at least one of vasoconstriction or vasodilation includes drug delivery.
26. The method of approach 18, wherein the act of controlling at least one of vasoconstriction or vasodilation includes adjusting the temperature of the portion of the body.
27. The method of approach 1, wherein the act of supplying heat further includes supplying sufficient heat to effect vasodilation.
28. The method of approach 1, further including the act of applying negative pressure to the portion of the body.
29. A method of transferring heat from a body portion of a mammal comprising the acts of:
inducing a transition of a body portion from a state of vasodilation to vasoconstriction by removing heat from the body portion;
determining a transition temperature associated with the transition from vasodilation to vasoconstriction;
reestablishing vasodilation in the body portion; and
removing heat from the body portion with a temperature equal to or greater than the transition temperature.
30. The method claim 29, wherein if the body portion is initially in vasoconstriction, supplying heat until vasodilation occurs before inducing the transition from vasodilation to vasoconstriction.
31. The method of claim 29, wherein the temperature is within 2\xb0 C. of the transition from vasodilation to vasoconstriction.
32. The method of claim 29, wherein the temperature is within 1\xb0 C. of the transition from vasodilation to vasoconstriction.
33. The method of claim 29, wherein the temperature is lowered after reestablishing vasodilation without inducing vasoconstriction.
34. (canceled)
35. A method of transferring heat to or from a portion of a body of a mammal comprising the acts of:
determining a state of vasoconstriction or vasodilation in a portion of the body;
when vasodilation is determined, selecting transferring heat to or from the portion of the body; and
when vasoconstriction is determined, selecting at least one of supplying heat to the portion of the body and not removing heat from the portion of the body,
whereby optimal thermoregulatory status of the mammal is maintained.
36. (canceled)
37. A method for controlling the body temperature of a mammal comprising:
removing or supplying heat from a portion of the body,
while maintaining the portion of the body above a temperature causing vasoconstriction in the portion of the body by a means for control employing a measured characteristic associated with a state of vasoconstriction or vasodilation of the portion of the body.
38. The method of approach 37, wherein the temperature of the portion of the body is maintained above 18\xb0 C. to 22\xb0 C.
39. The method of approach 37, further including the act of maintaining the temperature of the portion of the body below approximately 25\xb0 C.
40. A method of controlling body temperature of a mammal comprising:
placing at least a portion of the body in thermal communication with a conductor;
measuring a characteristic associated with a state of vasoconstriction or vasodilation in the portion of the body; and
controlling heating or cooling of the conductor to maintain vasodilation in the portion of the body based upon a value that relates the characteristic to vasodilation.
41. The method of approach 40, wherein the value is determined by supplying heat until vasodilation occurs,
removing heat until vasoconstriction occurs,
reestablishing vasodilation, and
setting the value equal to or greater than a value corresponding to the transition from vasodilation to vasoconstriction.
42. The method of approach 41, wherein the value is associated with a temperature of the conductor greater than or equal to a temperature where a transition of vasodialtion to vasoconstriction occurs.
43. A system for controlling body temperature of a mammal comprisiong:
a conductor adapted to interface with a body portion of the mammal;
a controller adapted to vary a temperature o the conductor;
a sensor element for sensing a characteristic associated with vasoconstriction or vasodilation of the body portion,
wherein the controller adjusts the temperature of the conductor to maintain vasodilation in the portion of the body portion based upon a predetermined schedule that relates to the characteristic to vasodilation.
44. The system of claim 43, further including a heat exchange medium in thermal communication with at least a portion of the mammal and with at least a portion of the conductor.
45. (canceled)