What is claimed is:
1. A system for renal perfusion comprising:
a pump configured to pump blood through a patient at subcardiac volumetric rates, said pump having an average flow rate that, during normal operation thereof, is substantially below that of the patient’s heart when healthy;
an inflow conduit comprising flexible tubing having an inner diameter that is less than 25 millimeters fluidly coupled to the pump to direct blood to the pump from a first non-primary blood vessel of the vasculature of the patient; and,
an outflow conduit fluidly coupled to the pump and configured to direct blood directly into a renal artery to maintains or enhance blood flow to a kidney supplied by the renal artery;
whereby connection of at least one of the inflow and outflow conduits to the vasculature may be made subcutaneously to permit application thereof in a minimally-invasive procedure.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the inflow conduit defines a first lumen of a multilumen catheter and the outflow conduit defines a second lumen of the multilumen catheter.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the outflow conduit is a cannula.
4. The system of claim 1, further comprising a cannula coupled with the outflow conduit.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the inflow conduit is configured to couple with a femoral artery.
6. The system of claim 1, further comprising an additional outflow conduit having an end configured to couple with a non-primary vessel.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein the non-primary vessel is a renal artery.
8. A system for renal perfusion comprising:
a pump having an inflow port and an outflow port, said pump configured to pump blood through the vasculature of a patient at an average flow rate that, during normal operation thereof, is substantially below that of the patient’s heart when healthy;
a multi-lumen catheter comprising a first lumen configured to fluidly couple a first blood vessel branching off from a blood vessel connected to the patient’s heart with the inflow port of the pump and a second lumen configured to fluidly couple a renal artery with the outflow port of the pump;
wherein the multilumen catheter enables the system to be applied to the patient at a single cannulation site.
9. The system of claim 8, further comprising:
an inflow conduit configured to fluidly coupled with the first lumen of the multilumen cannula and to fluidly couple with the inflow port of the pump; and
an outflow conduit configured to fluidly coupled with the second lumen of the multilumen cannula and to fluidly couple with the outflow port of the pump.
10. A method for increasing perfusion in a renal artery, the method comprising:
providing fluid communication between a pump and an inflow conduit and between the pump and an outflow conduit;
fluidly coupling said inflow conduit with a first location of the vasculature using a minimally invasive surgical procedure;
advancing a distal end of the outflow conduit to a location proximate a renal artery; and
operating said pump to direct blood from the first location to the renal artery at volumetric rates that are on average subcardiac to increase perfusion through the renal artery.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein fluidly coupling the inflow conduit comprises fluidly coupling the inflow conduit to a first femoral artery.
12. The method of claim 10, further comprising connecting at least one of said inflow and said outflow conduits to said pump.
13. The method of claim 10, further comprising a multilumen catheter at least partially defining said inflow conduit and said outflow conduit.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A photosensitive alkali-soluble resin comprising a compound of formula (I):
wherein
n1 is an integer selected from the group consisting of 30 to 200;
n2 is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1 to 8;
R1 selected from the group consisting of \u2014H, \u2014O(CH2)n3OH, \u2014O(CH2)n4OCOCH\u2550CH2, \u2014N(CH3)2, \u2014CnH2n+1 and \u2014SCH3;
n3 is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1 to 6;
n4 is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1 to 5;
n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1 to 12;
R2 is selected from the group consisting of \u2014H and \u2014CH3; and
R3 is selected from the group consisting of \u2014H and \u2014CH3.
2. The photosensitive alkali-soluble resin of claim 1, wherein
R1 is selected from the group consisting of \u2014H, \u2014O(CH2)2OH, \u2014O(CH2)2OCOCH\u2550CH2, \u2014N(CH3)2, \u2014C12H25 and \u2014SCH3.
3. A method of preparing a photosensitive alkali-soluble resin comprising:
a) copolymerizing ethylene oxide with \u03b1-hydroxyalkyl phenyl ketone to obtain a first intermediate product;
b) copolymerizing the first intermediate product with a copolymerization product of glycerin acrylate, styrene and maleic anhydride to obtain the second intermediate product; and
c) oxidizing the second intermediate product to produce the photosensitive alkali-soluble resin, wherein the molar ratio of the ethylene oxide to the \u03b1-hydroxyalkyl phenyl ketone is 1:1 to 8:1; the molar ratio of the glycerin acrylate, the styrene and the maleic anhydride is (1-1.2):(1-1.2):(1-1.3); and molar ratio of the ethylene oxide to the glycerin acrylate is (0.5-6.1):1.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein 3-mercapto propionic acid is used in the copolymerization of the ethylene oxide and the \u03b1-hydroxyalkyl phenyl ketone with a molar ratio of 3-mercapto propionic acid to ethylene oxide of (0-0.1):1; and a mercapto-based chain transfer agent is used in the copolymerization of glycerin acrylate, styrene and maleic anhydride with a molar ratio of mercapto-based chain transfer agent to the glycerin acrylate of (0-0.4):1.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the \u03b1-hydroxyalkyl phenyl ketone is selected from the group consisting of HMPP and HHMP.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein a) is carried out at a temperature of 70 to 120\xb0 C.; and b) is carried out at a temperature of 70 to 100\xb0 C.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein, in c), the oxidization is carried out by adding a material selected from the group consisting of K2FeO4, dimethyl sulfoxide and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.
8. The method of claim 4, wherein the copolymerization of both a) and b) is carried out in a solvent selected from the group consisting of di(propylene glycol) methyl ether acetate and ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate.
9. The method of claim 4, wherein the products obtained after the copolymerization of both a) and b) are settled in a solvent selected from the group consisting of petroleum ether, toluene and cyclohexane.
10. The method of claim 4, wherein the mercapto-based chain transfer agent selected from the group consisting of dodecyl thiol and mercapto ethanol.
11. A color photosensitive resist comprising the photosensitive alkali-soluble resin of claim 1.