1. A process for concentrating wastewater, the process comprising:
(a) combining a heated gas and a liquid wastewater to form a mixture of heated gas and entrained liquid wastewater;
(b) breaking the entrained liquid wastewater into fine entrained liquid wastewater droplets by accelerating the mixture of heated gas and entrained liquid wastewater and by creating increased turbulence in the mixture of heated gas and entrained liquid wastewater, the fine entrained liquid wastewater droplets having increased interfacial surface area to effect rapid mass and heat transfer between the fine entrained liquid wastewater droplets and heated gas;
(c) transferring heat from the heated gas to the entrained liquid wastewater to partially evaporate the entrained liquid wastewater; and,
(d) removing a portion of the fine entrained liquid wastewater droplets from the mixture to provide a demisted gas.
2. The process of claim 1 further comprising re-circulating the removed entrained liquid wastewater droplets and combining the removed entrained liquid wastewater droplets with fresh liquid wastewater.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein removing a portion of the entrained liquid wastewater droplets comprises passing the mixture of heated gas and entrained liquid wastewater droplets through a cross flow scrubber.
4. The process of claim 1, wherein the mixture of heated gas and entrained liquid wastewater droplets has a temperature of about 150\xb0 F. to about 190\xb0 F. (about 66\xb0 C. to about 88\xb0 C.).
5. The process of claim 1, wherein the heated gas comprises an exhaust gas from the combustion of a fuel.
6. The process of claim 5, wherein the fuel is selected from the group consisting of landfill gas, natural gas supplied directly from a well head, refined natural gas, propane, and combinations thereof.
7. The process of claim 6, wherein the fuel is landfill gas.
8. The process of claim 6, wherein the fuel is natural gas supplied directly from the well head.
9. The process of claim 6, wherein the fuel is refined natural gas.
10. The process of claim 1, wherein the heated gas has a temperature of about 900\xb0 F. to about 1200\xb0 F. (about 482\xb0 C. to about 649\xb0 C.).
11. The process of claim 1, wherein the wastewater is selected from the group consisting of leachate, flowback water, produced water, and combinations thereof.
12. The process of claim 11, wherein the wastewater is leachate.
13. The process of claim 1, wherein the wastewater comprises about 1 wt. % to about 5 wt. % solids based on the total weight of the leachate.
14. The process of claim 13, wherein the liquid concentrate comprises at least about 10 wt. % solids, based on the total weight of the concentrate.
15. The process of claim 14, wherein the liquid concentrate comprises at least about 20 wt. % solids, based on the total weight of the concentrate.
16. The process of claim 15, wherein the liquid concentrate comprises at least about 30 wt. % solids, based on the total weight of the concentrate.
17. The process of claim 16, wherein the liquid concentrate comprises at least about 50 wt. % solids, based on the total weight of the concentrate.
18. The process of claim 1, wherein the partially vaporized mixture in step (b) comprises about 5 wt. % to about 20 wt. % liquid, based on the total weight of the partially vaporized mixture.
19. The process of claim 18, wherein the partially vaporized mixture in step (b) comprises about 10 wt. % to about 15 wt. % liquid, based on the total weight of the partially vaporized mixture.
20. A process for concentrating wastewater, the process comprising:
(a) combining a heated gas and a liquid flow of wastewater under pressure;
(b) passing the combined heated gas and liquid flow of wastewater through a mixing corridor of a concentrator to form a gas-liquid mixture having a liquid concentration of about 5 weight percent (wt. %) to about 20 wt. %, based on the total weight of the mixture, the mixing corridor having a narrowed portion in which gas and liquid flow within the mixing corridor accelerates when traveling from its inlet to its outlet;
(c) separating a portion of the liquid from the gas-liquid mixture to provide a gas mixture entrained with liquid droplets;
(d) removing liquid droplets entrained in the gas mixture obtained in step (c) to provide a concentrated liquid and a substantially liquid-free gas.
21. The process of claim 20, further comprising re-circulating and combining with the liquid flow of wastewater in step (a) the concentrated liquid obtained in step (d).
22. A process for concentrating wastewater, the process comprising:
(a) combining a heated gas and a liquid flow of wastewater under pressure to form a mixture thereof;
(b) reducing the static pressure of the mixture to vaporize a portion of the liquid in the mixture yielding a partially vaporized mixture comprising entrained concentrated liquid; and
(c) removing a portion of the entrained concentrated liquid from the partially vaporized mixture to provide a demisted gas.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of selectively affecting angiogenic endothelial cells, comprising the steps of:
administering to a mammal a composition comprising cationic lipids and a substance that inhibits angiogenesis; and
allowing the composition to associate with angiogenic endothelial cells of an angiogenic blood vessel for a time and in a manner such that the composition enters the angiogenic endothelial cells.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is administered by injection into the circulatory system and further wherein the composition has, in blood, two-fold or greater affinity for angiogenic endothelial cells as compared to corresponding normal endothelial cells.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein affinity is measured on an angiogenic endothelial cell to non-angiogenic endothelial cell basis.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein affinity is measured ex vivo.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein the injected composition has, in blood, ten-fold or greater affinity for angiogenic endothelial cells as compared to corresponding normal endothelial cells and further wherein the composition is comprised of 5 mole % or more cationic lipids and the composition is injected intraarterially.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the substance inhibits angiogenesis and is a taxane.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the composition comprising catibnic lipids and a taxane is associated with a liposome.
8. The method of claim 6, wherein taxane is selected from the group consisting of paclitaxel, docetaxel, a 10-desacetyl analog of paclitaxel, a 3\u2032N-desbenzoyl-3\u2032N-t-butoxycarbonyl analog of paclitaxel, a galactose or mannose derivative of a taxane, a piperazino derivative of a taxane, a 6-thio or a sulfenamide derivative of a taxane, and a taxane attached to a hydrophobic moiety.
9. The method of claim 6, wherein said taxane is paclitaxel.
10. A cationic liposome, comprising:
cationic lipids; and
a taxane in a lipid bilayer of the liposome, wherein the liposome comprises substantially no taxane crystals, and wherein the taxane does not substantially partition from the lipid bilayer.
11. The cationic liposome of claim 10, further comprising a detectable label.
12. The cationic liposome of claim 10, further comprising a water-soluble taxane in an aqueous compartment of the liposome.
13. The cationic liposome of claim 10, wherein the taxane is a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative.
14. The cationic liposome of claim 10, wherein the taxane is paclitaxel.
15. The cationic liposome of claim 10, wherein the taxane is docetaxel.
16. The cationic liposome of claim 10, wherein the liposome comprises less than about 20 mole percent taxane or a taxane derivative and greater than about 20 mole percent cationic lipid.
17. The cationic liposome of claim 16, wherein the liposome comprises from about 2 mole % to about 10 mole % taxane, and from about 40 mole % to about 98 mole % cationic lipid.
18. The cationic liposome of claim 10, wherein said cationic liposome further comprises a neutral lipid.
19. The cationic liposome of claim 18, wherein the liposome comprises from about 2 mole % to about 10 mole % taxane, from about 40 mole % to about 98 mole % cationic lipid, and from about 2 mole % to about 50 mole % neutral lipid.
20. The cationic liposome of claim 19, wherein the neutral lipid is selected from the group consisting of a phosphatidylcholine (PC), a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and a mixture of a PC and a PE.
21. The cationic liposome of claim 20, wherein the liposome comprises DOTAP, egg phosphatidyl choline, and paclitaxel in a 50:48:2 molar ratio.
22. The cationic liposome of claim 20, wherein the liposome comprises DOTAP, DOPC, and paclitaxel in a 50:47:3 molar ratio.
23. The cationic liposome of claim 20, wherein the liposome comprises DOTAP, DOPE, and paclitaxel in a 50:47:3 molar ratio.
24. The cationic liposome of claim 20, wherein the liposome comprises DOTAP, MOPC, and paclitaxel in a 50:47:3 molar ratio.
25. A cationic liposome, comprising:
cationic lipids; and
a taxane in an aqueous compartment of the liposome, wherein the liposome comprises substantially no taxane crystals.
26. A method of reducing an atherosclerotic plaque, comprising:
administering to a mammal a composition comprising cationic lipids and a substance that reduces angiogenesis; and
allowing the composition to associate with angiogenic endothelial cells of an angiogenic blood vessel for a time and in a manner such that the composition enters the angiogenic endothelial cells, wherein reduction of angiogenesis results in reduction of atherosclerotic plaque formation.
27. The method of claim 26, wherein the composition is administered by injection into the circulatory system and further wherein the composition has, in blood, two-fold or greater affinity for angiogenic endothelial cells as compared to corresponding normal endothelial cells.
28. The method of claim 26, wherein the injected composition has, in blood, ten-fold or greater affinity for angiogenic endothelial cells as compared to corresponding normal endothelial cells and further wherein the composition is comprised of 5 mole % or more cationic lipids and the composition is injected intraarterially.
29. The method of claim 26, wherein the composition comprises cationic lipids and a substance that reduces angiogenesis is associated with a liposome.
30. The method of claim. 26, wherein the substance that reduces angiogenesis is a taxane.
31. A method of reducing atherosclerotic plaque formation in a patient, comprising the steps of:
removing an atherosclerotic plaque from a circulatory vessel of the patient; and
administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a cationic liposome and an active ingredient which inhibits angiogenesis.