1. A device for the illumination of an object comprising:
a) a block substantially transparent to radiation of a certain frequency range, said block having at least one entry surface and at least one surface of total reflection, such that said radiation introduced into said block via said at least one entry surface at a suitable range of angles relative to said at least one surface of total reflection is totally reflected from at least one of said at least one surface of total reflection, and wherein said surface of total reflection is configured to allow contact between said surface of total reflection and the object; and
b) a radiation source for introducing said radiation into said at least one entry surface at said suitable range of angles.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein a portion of said at least one surface of total reflection is shielded from said radiation source by at least one entry baffle.
3. The device of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of at least one of said surface of total reflection is substantially uniformly irradiated by said radiation.
4. The device of claim 1 wherein a portion of said block is substantially shaped as a parallelopiped.
5. The device of claim 1 wherein said radiation source is configured to introduce said electromagnetic radiation into said at least one entry surface as more than one uniform collimated beams.
6. The device of claim 5 wherein said radiation source is configured to introduce said electromagnetic radiation into said at least one entry surface as two uniform collimated beams.
7. The device of claim 1 wherein a portion of said block is substantially shaped as a cylinder.
8. The device of claim 1 wherein a portion of said block is substantially saucer shaped.
9. The device of claim 1 wherein a portion of said block is substantially shaped as a cylindrical tube.
10. The device of claim 1 wherein said block has at least one exit surface such that when an opaque object is placed in contact with at least one of said at least one surface of total reflection and said radiation is introduced through said at least one entry surface at said suitable range of angles, a portion of said radiation is reflected diffusely from said opaque object where said opaque object is in contact with said at least one surface of total reflection and some of said diffusely reflected radiation emerges from said exit surface.
11. The device of claim 10 wherein a portion of said at least one exit surface is shielded by at least one detector baffle.
12. The device of claim 1 wherein said radiation is electromagnetic radiation and said certain frequency range is includes the visible radiation range.
13. The device of claim 1 wherein said radiation is electromagnetic radiation and said certain frequency range is includes the infrared radiation range.
14. The device of claim 1 wherein said radiation is sonic radiaton.
15. The device of claim 1 wherein at least one of said at least one surface of total reflection is configured to be substantially rigid when in contact with the object.
16. A method for uniformly illuminating an object with at least one planar side and transparent to radiation of a certain frequency range, comprising:
a) providing a block, said block being substantially transparent to radiation of the certain frequency range, said block having at least one entry surface and at least one surface of total reflection, said surfaces being such that the radiation introduced to said block via said at least one entry surface at a suitable range of angles relative to said surface of total reflection is reflected at said at least one surface of total reflection;
b) placing the at least one planar side of the object in contact with one of said at least one surface of total reflection; and
c) introducing the radiation into said block via said at least one entry surface at said suitable range of angles.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein a portion of said at least one surface of total reflection is shielded by at least one entry baffle.
18. The device of claim 16 wherein at least a portion of at least one of said surface of total reflection is substantially uniformly irradiated by the radiation.
19. The method of claim 16 wherein a portion of said block is substantially shaped as a parallelopiped.
20. The method of claim 16 wherein said source of radiation is introduced into said at least one entry surface as more than one uniform collimated beams.
21. The method of claim 16 wherein a portion of said block is substantially shaped as a cylinder.
22. The method of claim 16 wherein a portion of said block is substantially shaped as a cylindrical tube.
23. The method of claim 16 wherein at least one of said at least one surface of total reflection is configured to be substantially rigid when in contact with the object.
24. A method for uniformly illuminating an object opaque to radiation of a certain range of frequencies, the opaque object having a plurality of sides, comprising
a) placing the object in contact with a block, said block being substantially transparent to radiation of the certain frequency range, said block having at least one entry surface and at least one surface of total reflection, and at least one exit surface, said surfaces being such that the radiation introduced to said block via said at least one entry surface at a suitable range of angles relative to said surface of total reflection is totally reflected at said at least one surface of total reflection, and said surfaces being such that when the radiation is introduced via said at least one entry surface at said suitable range of angles, some of the radiation is reflected diffusely from said object where said object is in contact with said at least one surface of total reflection, and some of the diffusely reflected radiation emerges from said at least one exit surface; and
b) introducing the radiation into said block via said at least one entry surface at said suitable range of angles.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein a portion of said at least one exit is shielded by at least one detector baffle.
26. The method of claim 24 wherein a portion of said block is substantially shaped as a parallelopiped.
27. The device of claim 24 wherein at least a portion of at least one of said surface of total reflection is substantially uniformly irradiated by the radiation.
28. The method of claim 24 wherein said radiation source is configured to introduce said radiation into said at least one entry surface as more than one uniform collimated beams.
29. The method of claim 24 wherein at least one of said at least one surface of total reflection is configured to be substantially rigid when in contact with the object.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A tent cloth canvas, comprising:
a photocatalyst layer;
a tent cloth canvas layer;
a film consisting of a vinyl chloride resin on the tent cloth canvas layer; and
an adhesive layer disposed between the photocatalyst layer and the tent cloth canvas layer,
wherein the tent cloth canvas layer includes plasticizer having a molecular weight of 400 or more and comprises a foundation cloth member made of a fiber material and a resin layer formed on at least one surface of the foundation cloth member by impregnating a resin solution into the foundation cloth member, wherein the plasticizer is at least one selected from the group consisting of n-heptyl-n-undecyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, ditridecyl phthalate, n-heptyl n-nonyl phthalate, n-nonyl n-undecyl phthalate, n-octyl n-decyl phthalate, tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate, tributyl acetylcitrate and chlorinated paraffin.
2. A tent cloth canvas, comprising:
a photocatalyst layer;
an adhesive layer disposed beneath the photocatalyst layer;
a tent cloth canvas layer;
a film consisting of a vinyl chloride resin on the tent cloth canvas layer; and
a plasticizer migration restricting layer disposed between the adhesive layer and the tent cloth canvas layer,
wherein the tent cloth canvas layer includes a plasticizer having a molecular weight of 400 or more and comprises a foundation cloth member made of a fiber material and a resin layer formed on at least one surface of the foundation cloth member by impregnating a resin solution into the foundation cloth member, wherein the plasticizer is at least one selected from the group consisting of n-heptyl-n-undecyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, ditridecyl phthalate, n-heptyl n-nonyl phthalate, n-nonyl n-undecyl phthalate, n-octyl n-decyl phthalate, tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate, tributyl acetylcitrate and chlorinated paraffin.
3. The tent cloth canvas according to claim 2, wherein the plasticizer migration restricting layer is 0.5 to 5 \u03bcm thick.
4. The tent cloth canvas according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the adhesive layer is a silicone modified resin containing 2 to 60% by weight of silicone converted to oxide, a resin containing 3 to 60% by weight of polysiloxane converted to oxide, or a resin containing 5 to 40% by weight of colloidal silica converted to oxide; and the photocatalyst layer is a photocatalyst particle complex containing 25 to 95% by weight of a metal oxide gel andor metal hydroxide gel converted to oxide.
5. The tent cloth canvas according to claim 2, wherein the plasticizer migration restricting layer includes at least one material selected from acrylic resins, acrylic silicone resins, fluorine resins, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polyurethane, silicone resins, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, neoprene, Hypalon, polynitrile rubber, SBR, polyisobutylene rubber, butyl rubber, polybutadiene rubber, rubber containing fluorine, and silicon rubber.
6. The tent cloth canvas according to claim 2, wherein the plasticizer migration restricting layer includes 0.5 to 5 \u03bcm thickness of at least one material selected from acrylic resins, fluorine resins, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, polyester, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polyurethane, and vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers.
7. The tent cloth canvas according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 5, or 6, wherein more than 50% in amount of a plasticizer contained in the tent cloth canvas layer remains, in comparison with that at an initial stage, 1500 hours after the canvas is subject to a sunshine carbon arc type accelerated weathering test as specified in JIS-K5400.
8. The tent cloth canvas according to any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 5, or 6, wherein more than 50% in amount of a plasticizer contained in the tent cloth canvas layer remains, in comparison with that at an initial stage, after the canvas is exposed outdoors for 3 years.
9. The tent cloth canvas according to claim 1, wherein lowering of tear strength of the tent cloth canvas is within 30%, in comparison with that at an initial stage, 1500 hours after the canvas is subjected to a sunshine carbon arc type accelerated weathering test.
10. A method of producing a tent cloth canvas of any one of claims 1, 3, 5, 6, and 9, comprising
laminating a plasticizer migration restriction layer, an adhesive layer and a photocatalyst layer in that order on a tent cloth canvas layer, wherein
the plasticizer migration restricting layer and the adhesive layer are laminated on the tent cloth canvas layer in one process.