1. A hydraulic system comprising:
a controller connectable to an operator interface for receiving an operator input;
a pump system including a pump operable in a first direction for supplying pressurized fluid;
a hydraulic circuit having a first side fluidly connecting a first side of the pump to a first port to which a first port of a consumer can be connected and providing a path for flow between the port and the pump, and a second side fluidly connecting the second side of the pump to a second port to which a second port of the consumer can be connected; and
a diverting flow path including a variable restriction controlled by the controller for controlling a rate of flow through the first side of the hydraulic circuit, wherein the diverting flow path diverts at least a portion of flow in the first side of the hydraulic circuit away from the pump,
wherein the controller is configured to receive a requested user command from the operator interface, to evaluate the user command in relation to a maximum capacity of the pump system in response to the requested user command, and to control the pump and variable restriction to implement the user command based on the evaluation, and
wherein the maximum capacity of the pump system is a maximum storage rate or a maximum storage capacity of an electrical storage system of the pump system that is operatively connected to the pump and is configured to recuperate energy from the pump being operated by an external load, and wherein the variable restriction is opened in response to an evaluation in which the user command indicates a desired consumer movement corresponding to a storage rate or storage capacity greater than the maximum storage rate or maximum storage capacity of the electrical storage system.
2. (canceled)
3. (canceled)
4. (canceled)
5. The hydraulic system of claim 1, wherein the diverting flow path fluidly connects the first port to the second port.
6. The hydraulic system of claim 1, wherein the diverting flow path fluidly connects the first port to a boost system.
7. The hydraulic system of claim 1, wherein the diverting flow path fluidly connects the first port to tank.
8. The hydraulic system of claim 1, further comprising
valving fluidly connected between the pump and the ports, the valving controlled by the controller and operative to regulate the pressurized fluid between the pump and the consumer.
9. The hydraulic system of claim 1, wherein the valving includes a first load holding valve disposed between the first port and the pump, and a second load holding valve disposed between the second port and the pump.
10. The hydraulic system of claim 1, wherein the diverting flow path is fluidly parallel with and thereby bypasses the first load holding valve.
11. The hydraulic system of claim 1, wherein the diverting flow path is fluidly parallel with and thereby bypasses the second load holding valve.
12. The hydraulic system of claim 1, wherein the user command is a command for lowering an actuator.
13. The hydraulic system of claim 1, wherein the pump is a bi-directional pump operable in a first direction for supplying pressurized fluid through the first valve to the consumer for operating the consumer in one direction, and operable in a second direction opposite the first direction for supplying pressurized fluid through a second valve to the consumer for operating the consumer in a direction opposite the first direction.
14. The hydraulic system of claim 1, further comprising:
a hydraulic actuator to and from which hydraulic fluid is supplied and returned in opposite directions to operate the actuator in opposite directions.
15. The hydraulic system of claim 1, further comprising:
a boost system for accepting fluid from or supplying fluid to the hydraulic circuit of the hydraulic system,
wherein the boost system includes:
a boost pump for supplying fluid to a fluid make-upreturn line that selectively is in fluid communication with the consumer, and a boost electric machine for driving the boost pump, the electric machine connected to a boost electric power source through a boost inverter.
16. The hydraulic system of claim 1, further comprising:
an electric machine operated by the controller and connected to an electrical source through an inverter to drive the pump.
17. A method of controlling fluid flow through the pump in an electro-hydraulic system, the method comprising the steps of:
receiving a requested user command for a consumer;
evaluating the user command in relation to a maximum capacity of the an electro-hydraulic system in response to the requested user command;
diverting flow around the pump to implement the user command based on the evaluation via a variable restrictor of a diverting flow path, and
wherein the maximum capacity of the electro-hydraulic system is a maximum storage rae or maximum storage capacity of an electrical storage system of the electro-hydraulic system that is operatively connected to the pump and is configured to recuperate energy from the pump being operated by an external load, and wherein the diverting is in response to an evaluation in which the user command indicates a desired consumer movement corresponding to a storage rate or storage capacity greater than the maximum storage rate or maximum storage capacity of the electrical storage system.
18. (canceled)
19. (canceled)
20. (canceled)
21. The method of claim 17, wherein the diverting includes fluidly connecting the first port to the second port.
22. The method of claim 17, wherein the diverting includes fluidly connecting the first port to a boost system.
23. The method of claim 17, wherein the diverting includes fluidly connecting the first port to tank.
24. The method of claim 17, wherein the user command is a command for lowering an actuator
25. The method of claim 17, wherein the consumer is a hydraulic cylinder and the first side of the hydraulic circuit is fluidly connected to a rod-side of the hydraulic cylinder.
26. The method of claim 17, wherein the pump is a bi-directional pump operable in a first direction for supplying pressurized fluid through the first valve to the hydraulic actuator for operating the consumer in one direction, and operable in a second direction opposite the first direction for supplying pressurized fluid through a second valve to the hydraulic actuator for operating the consumer in a direction opposite the first direction.
27. The method of claim 17, wherein the consumer is a hydraulic actuator to and from which hydraulic fluid is supplied and returned in opposite directions to operate the actuator in opposite directions.
28. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
accepting fluid from or supplying fluid to a hydraulic circuit of the electro-hydraulic system via a boost system,
wherein the boost system includes:
a boost pump for supplying fluid to a fluid make-upreturn line that selectively is in fluid communication with the hydraulic actuator, and a boost electric machine for driving the boost pump, the electric machine connected to a boost electric power source through a boost inverter.
29. The method of claim 17, further comprising controlling valving fluidly connected between the pump and the ports to regulate the pressurized fluid between the pump and the consumer.
30. The method of claim 17, wherein the valving includes a load-holding valve connected between the pump and the first port, the load-holding valve controlled by the controller and operative in a first position to allow flow to the actuator to operate the actuator against a load and operative in a second position to block load-induced return flow from the actuator to the pump
31. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
operating the pump in one direction for supplying pressurized fluid to the hydraulic consumer for operating the consumer in a first direction, and operating the pump in a second direction opposite the first direction for supplying pressurized fluid to the consumer for operating the consumer in a direction opposite the first direction.
32. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
driving the pump via an electric machine connected to an electrical source through an inverter.
33. A hydraulic system comprising:
a pump system including a pump operable in a first direction for supplying pressurized fluid;
a hydraulic circuit having a first side fluidly connecting a first side of the pump to a first port to which a first port of a consumer can be connected and providing a path for flow between the port and the pump, and a second side fluidly connecting the second side of the pump to a second port to which a second port of the consumer can be connected; and
a diverting flow path including a variable restriction for controlling a rate of flow through the first side of the hydraulic circuit, wherein the diverting flow path diverts at least a portion of flow in the first side of the hydraulic circuit to tank,
wherein the variable restriction is variable as a function of a sensed system parameter, and
wherein the maximum capacity of the pump system is a maximum storage rate or maximum storage capacity of an electrical storage system of the pump system that is operatively connected to the pump and is configured to recuperate energy from the pump being operated by an external load, and wherein the variable restriction is opened in response to an evaluation in which the user command indicates a desired consumer movement corresponding to a storage rate or storage capacity greater than the maximum storage rate or maximum storage capacity of the electrical storage system.
34. The hydraulic system of claim 33 wherein the diverting flow path fluidly connects the first port to tank via a boost system.
35. The hydraulic system of claim 33, wherein the diverting flow path fluidly connects the first port directly to tank.
36. The hydraulic system of claim 33, further comprising:
a controller connected to an operator interface;
wherein the controller is configured to receive a requested user command, to evaluate the user command in relation to a maximum capacity of the pump system in response to the requested user command, and to control the pump and variable restriction to implement the user command based on the evaluation.
37. (canceled)
38. (canceled)
39. (canceled)
40. The hydraulic system of claim 33, further comprising
valving fluidly connected between the pump and the ports, the valving controlled by the controller and operative to regulate the pressurized fluid between the pump and the consumer.
41. The hydraulic system of claim 33, wherein the valving includes a first load holding valve disposed between the first port and the pump, and a second load holding valve disposed between the second port and the pump.
42. The hydraulic system of claim 33, wherein the diverting flow path is fluidly parallel with and thereby bypasses the first load holding valve.
43. The hydraulic system of claim 33, wherein the diverting flow path is fluidly parallel with and thereby bypasses the second load holding valve.
44. The hydraulic system of claim 33 wherein the user command is a command for lowering an actuator.
45. The hydraulic system of claim 33, wherein the pump is a bi-directional pump operable in a first direction for supplying pressurized fluid through the first valve to the consumer for operating the consumer in one direction, and operable in a second direction opposite the first direction for supplying pressurized fluid through a second valve to the consumer for operating the consumer in a direction opposite the first direction.
46. The hydraulic system of claim 33, further comprising:
a hydraulic actuator to and from which hydraulic fluid is supplied and returned in opposite directions to operate the actuator in opposite directions.
47. The hydraulic system of claim 33, further comprising:
a boost system for accepting fluid from or supplying fluid to the hydraulic circuit of the hydraulic system,
wherein the boost system includes:
a boost pump for supplying fluid to a fluid make-upreturn line that selectively is in fluid communication with the consumer, and a boost electric machine for driving the boost pump, the electric machine connected to a boost electric power source through a boost inverter.
48. The hydraulic system of claim 33 further comprising:
an electric machine operated by the controller and connected to an electrical source through an inverter to drive the pump.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A focal-plane shutter for cameras, comprising:
two base plates provided with a blade chamber between the two base plates, each having an aperture for exposure at about a center; and
a shutter blade group having a plurality of arms pivotally mounted to one of the two base plates and at least one blade pivotally supported by means of a plurality of joint shanks with respect to the plurality of arms, placed in the blade chamber so that heads of the joint shanks project toward a photographer side,
wherein, of the two base plates, a base plate placed on the photographer side has at least one convex portion metal-plated on an object-side surface thereof, and the arms slide along the convex portion and are shifted to the object side immediately before the heads of the joint shanks moved inside the aperture in an actuation of the shutter blade group reach a position corresponding to an edge of the aperture.
2. A focal-plane shutter for cameras according to claim 1, wherein a surface hardness of the convex portion metal-plated is substantially the same as a surface hardness of each of the arms.
3. A focal-plane shutter for cameras according to claim 2, wherein a material of metal plating of the convex portion is palladium and each of the arms is made in such a way that after carbon tool steel is immersed in an alkaline solution to form a black oxide film, chromate treatment is applied to the steel, or titanium is nitride-treated.
4. A focal-plane shutter for cameras according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the convex portion is configured so that the object-side surface of a member mounted to the base plate placed on the photographer side is spherical.
5. A focal-plane shutter for cameras according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the base plate placed on the photographer side is made of synthetic resin, and the convex portion is configured integral with the base plate made of synthetic resin so that the object-side surface is spherical.
6. A focal-plane shutter for cameras according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein space between the two base plates is partitioned by an intermediate plate, the shutter blade group is placed between the intermediate plate and the base plate placed on the photographer side, and an additional shutter blade group pivotally supporting at least one blade by means of joint shanks with respect to a plurality of arms pivotally mounted to the one base plate is placed between the intermediate plate and a remaining base plate.
7. A focal-plane shutter for cameras according to claim 4, wherein space between the two base plates is partitioned by an intermediate plate, the shutter blade group is placed between the intermediate plate and the base plate placed on the photographer side, and an additional shutter blade group pivotally supporting at least one blade by means of joint shanks with respect to a plurality of arms pivotally mounted to the one base plate is placed between the intermediate plate and a remaining base plate.
8. A focal-plane shutter for cameras according to claim 5, wherein space between the two base plates is partitioned by an intermediate plate, the shutter blade group is placed between the intermediate plate and the base plate placed on the photographer side, and an additional shutter blade group pivotally supporting at least one blade by means of joint shanks with respect to a plurality of arms pivotally mounted to the one base plate is placed between the intermediate plate and a remaining base plate.