1. A flame retardant polyamide resin composition, comprising:
(a) about 30 to about 90 weight percent of a polyamide component comprising about 20 to 100 weight percent of at least one semiaromatic polyamide;
(b) at least one flame retardant comprising one or more of a phosphinate of the formula (I); a disphosphinate of the formula (II); and polymers of (I) andor (II)
wherein R1 and R2 are identical or different and are C1-C6 alkyl, linear or branched, andor aryl; R3 is C1-C10-alkylene, linear or branched, C6-C10-arylene, -alkylarylene or -arylalkylene; M is calcium ions, magnesium ions, aluminum ions andor zinc ions; m is 2 to 3; n is 1 or 3; and x is 1 or 2;
(c) zinc stannate; and
(d) 0 to about 60 weight percent of at least one inorganic reinforcing agent andor filler,
wherein the weight percentages of (a) and (d) are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein flame retardant (b) is present in an amount that is about 10 to about 45 percent of the weight of polyamide (a); and wherein zinc stannate (c) is present in an amount that is about 1 to about 50 percent of the weight of flame retardant (b).
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the zinc stannate (c) is present in an amount that is about 1.5 to about 40 percent of the weight of flame retardant (b).
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant is aluminum diethylphosphinate andor aluminum methylethylphosphinate.
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the semiaromatic polyamide is one or more selected from the group consisting of poly(dodecamethylene terephthalamide) (polyamide 12,T), poly(decamethylene terephthalamide) (polyamide 10,T), poly(nonamethylene terephthalamide) (polyamide 9,T), hexamethylene adipamidehexamethylene terephthalamide copolyamide (polyarmide 6,T6,6), hexamethylene terephthalamide2-methylpentamethylene terephthalamide copolyamide (polyamide 6,TD,T); hexamethylene adipamidehexamethylene terephthalamidehexamethylene isophthalamide copolyamide (polyamide 6,66,T6,I); and poly(caprolactam-hexamethylene terephthalamide) (polyamide 66,T).
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one inorganic reinforcing agent andor filler is present in about 5 to about 60 weight percent.
6. The composition of claim 7, wherein the inorganic reinforcing agent is glass fibers.
7. An article comprising the composition of claim 1.
8. A method for molding a flame retardant semiaromatic polyamide resin composition, comprising
providing a blended flame retardant semiaromatic polyamide resin composition comprising
(a) a 30 to about 90 weight percent of a polyamide component comprising about 20 to 100 weight percent of at least one semiaromatic polyamide;
(b) at least one flame retardant comprising one or more of a phosphinate of the formula (I); a disphosphinate of the formula (II); and polymers of (I) andor (II)
wherein R1 and R2 are identical or different and are C1-C6 alkyl, linear or branched, andor aryl; R3 is C1-C10-alkylene, linear or branched, C6-C10-arylene, -alkylarylene or -arylalkylene; M is calcium ions, magnesium ions, aluminum ions andor zinc ions; m is 2 to 3; n is 1 or 3; and x is 1 or 2;
(c) zinc stannate; and
(d) 0 to about 60 weight percent of at least one inorganic reinforcing agent andor filler,
wherein the weight percentages of (a) and (d) are based on the total weight of the composition; wherein flame retardant (b) is present in an amount that is about 10 to about 45 percent of the weight of polyamide (a); and wherein zinc stannate (c) is present in an amount that is about 1 to about 50 percent of the weight of flame retardant (b); and
melting and injecting said polyamide resin composition in a molding machine; at a temperature sufficient to provide a flowable melt;
wherein the injecting of the resin composition comprising components (a), (b), (c) and optionally (d) provides at least 50% less corrosion of a check ring than that of injecting a resin composition comprising components (a) (b) and optionally (d); as measured in a Mold Corrosion Test using a molding machine having a nozzle head with said check ring.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An apparatus for decoding an enhanced stereo sound effect from a stereo signal, comprising:
(a) an input for receiving a stereo signal including localisation cues, said stereo signal comprising a left channel and a right channel, each of said left and right channels being carried over a pair of wires including a positive lead and a negative lead;
(b) means for outputting said positive leads of said right and left channels directly; and
(c) means for outputting said negative leads of said right and left channels, said means for outputting including a decoding circuit for decoding the localisation cues from said stereo signal.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said decoding circuit is a LR circuit.
3. An apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said decoding circuit is comprised of a resistor, a low-pass filter and a high-pass filter, connected in parallel.
4. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein said cut-off frequency of said low-pass filter is 100 Hz, and said cut-off frequency of said high-pass filter is 10 kHz.
5. An apparatus for decoding an enhanced stereo sound effect from a stereo signal, comprising:
(a) an input for receiving a stereo signal, said stereo signal including fundamentals and localisation cues;
(b) means for generating a differential signal from said stereo signal;
(c) means for generating a differentiated signal from said stereo signal;
(d) means for introducing said differential signal into said differentiated signal to create a combined signal;
(e) means for introducing said fundamentals into said combined signal to create a decoded signal; and
(f) means for outputting said decoded signal.
6. An apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said stereo signal is comprised of a left and a right channel, each channel being carried on a positive and a negative wire, and wherein said means for generating a differential signal, said means for generating a differentiated signal, said means for introducing said differential signal and said means for introducing said fundamentals include connecting said negative wires of said right and left channels together, and connecting in parallel therein a resistor and a coil.
7. A method for decoding an enhanced stereo sound effect from a stereo signal, comprising:
(a) receiving a stereo signal, said stereo signal including fundamentals and localisation cues;
(b) generating a differential signal from said stereo signal;
(c) generating a differentiated signal from said stereo signal;
(d) introducing said differential signal into said differentiated signal to create a combined signal;
(e) introducing said fundamentals into said combined signal to create a decoded signal; and
(f) outputting said decoded signal into a left channel and a right channel.