1. A method for producing liquid hydrocarbons from syngas, comprising:
obtaining syngas from a biomass;
contacting the syngas with a catalyst to catalyze the production of the liquid hydrocarbons, the catalyst including a base material, a transition metal, and a promoter;
wherein the promoter is potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, or potassium nitrate.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the base material includes a zeolite, iron, a zeolite-iron material, a cobalt-molydenum material, a cobalt-molydenum carbide, or combinations thereof.
3. (canceled)
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the base material includes a zeolite-iron material, and wherein the transition metal is selected from platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co), and combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the zeolite-iron material includes iron oxide nanostructures.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the base material includes a cobalt-molybdenum carbide, and wherein the transitional metal is selected from iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), tungsten (W), vanadium (V), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), Ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), and combinations thereof.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the syngas includes about 1 vol % to about 60 vol % of nitrogen (N2).
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the syngas includes about 1 vol % to about 40 vol % of carbon dioxide (CO2).
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
cleaning, before the obtaining step, a gasifier by packing the gasifier with one or more of alumina-supported metal catalysts, 13X molsieve, active carbon, silica gel, copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), and ruthenium (Rh), wherein
the syngas from the cleaning step includes less than about 10 ppb of total H2S and COS, less than 1 ppm of NH3, andor less than 1 ppm of oxygen.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid hydrocarbons are selected from higher alcohols, higher esters, higher ethers, higher aldehydes, higher ketones, and combinations thereof.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid hydrocarbons are produced from the syngas in a single stage.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the liquid hydrocarbons include about 5 wt % to about 80 wt % of oxygenates.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting step is performed at a temperature of about 250\xb0 C. to about 400\xb0 C.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting step is performed at a pressure of about 400 psi to about 1500 psi.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the contacting step is performed with the syngas flowing at a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of about 1,000\u22121 to about 10,000 h\u22121.
16. A catalyst, comprising:
a base material that includes a zeolite-iron material, a cobalt-molybdenum carbide, or a combination thereof;
a transition metal; and
a promoter;
wherein the promoter is potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, or potassium nitrate.
17. The catalyst of claim 16, wherein the catalyst is a multifunctional catalyst capable of catalyzing the production of liquid hydrocarbons form syngas, and wherein the syngas includes about 1 vol % to about 60 vol % of nitrogen (N2).
18-21. (canceled)
22. The catalyst of claim 16, wherein the catalyst comprises about 0.1 wt % to about 10.0 wt % of the transition metal.
23. The catalyst of claim 16, wherein the catalyst comprises about 0.5 wt % to about 10.0 wt % of the promoter.
24. The catalyst of claim 16, wherein the zeolite-iron material is selected from H-ZSM5, Y-zeolite, and combinations thereof.
25. The catalyst of claim 16, wherein the base material includes the zeolite-iron material, and the transition metal is selected from platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co), and combinations thereof.
26. The catalyst of claim 16, wherein the iron includes iron oxide particles.
27. The catalyst of claim 26, wherein the catalyst comprises about 2.0 wt % to about 15.0 wt % of the iron oxide particles.
28. The catalyst of claim 16, wherein the base material includes the cobalt-molybdenum carbide, and wherein the transition metal is selected from iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), tungsten (W), vanadium (V), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), Ruthenium (Ru), iridium (Ir), rhodium (Rh), and combinations thereof.
29-31. (canceled)
32. The catalyst of claim 16, wherein the cobalt-molybdenum carbide is produced from a carbon selected from active carbons, carbon blacks, carbon nanotubes, carbon nano-fibers, fullerenes, graphene, graphite, bio-chars, and combinations thereof.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A non-rotating electrodeless high-intensity discharge lamp system using circularly polarized microwaves, comprising:
a first rectangular waveguide to transmit linearly polarized microwaves generated from a microwave source;
an input circular waveguide linearly connected to the first rectangular waveguide;
a second rectangular waveguide closed at an end thereof, and perpendicularly connected to a circumferential surface of the input circular waveguide;
an elliptical waveguide linearly connected to the input circular waveguide such that the major axis of the elliptical waveguide is rotated to a predetermined angle relative to a horizontal surface (or the wider surface) of the input rectangular waveguide;
a second circular waveguide linearly connected to the elliptical waveguide with a conductive end plate; and
a discharge lamp housed in a mesh cover or perforated or apertured metallic cover, and supported by the second circular waveguide while being held on a reflecting mirror.
2. The non-rotating electrodeless high-intensity discharge lamp system as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a mode filter provided on an interface between the input circular waveguide and each of the first and second rectangular waveguides.
3. The non-rotating electrodeless high-intensity discharge lamp system as set forth in claim 1, wherein the predetermined angle at which the major axis of the elliptical waveguide is rotated relative to the horizontal surface (or the wider surface) of the input rectangular waveguide, is set to 4050 when the elliptical waveguide has a minor-axis diameter of 80 mm and a major-axis diameter of 108 mm in the case of the frequency of 2.45 GHz.
4. A non-rotating electrodeless high-intensity discharge lamp system using circularly polarized microwaves, comprising:
a rectangular waveguide to propagate linearly polarized microwaves generated from a microwave source;
an elliptical waveguide linearly connected to the rectangular waveguide such that the major axis of the elliptical waveguide is rotated to a predetermined angle relative to a horizontal surface of the rectangular waveguide, with one or more stubs inserted in the elliptical waveguide;
a circular waveguide linearly connected to the elliptical waveguide; and
a discharge lamp housed in a mesh or perforated or pertured cover, and supported by the circular waveguide while being held on a reflecting mirror.
5. The non-rotating electrodeless high-intensity discharge lamp system as set forth in claim 4, wherein four stubs are inserted in the elliptical waveguide.