1. An apparatus for locating a UE (User Equipment) using a DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System) receiver and a dead-reckoning sensor, comprising:
the dead-reckoning (DR) sensor for sensing position angles of the UE at different times with respect to a predetermined reference DR point; and
a position detector, comprising:
a MODEM for receiving from a Node B serving the UE first information about a first round trip time (RTT) at an initial time and second information about a second RTT at a predetermined time when the UE is in a shadow area of DGPS satellites, the predetermined time following the initial time; and
a position estimator for:
(a) calculating a first distance between the UE and the Node B, using the first information, the first distance corresponding to the UE at the initial time,
(b) determining a first position of the UE at the initial time and a fixed position of the Node B, the first position and the fixed position calculated by the Node B using signals from at least three DGPS satellites,
(c) calculating a second distance between the UE and the Node B, using the second information, the second distance corresponding to the UE at the predetermined time,
(d) calculating a moved distance that the UE has moved from the initial time to the predetermined time, using the first distance, the second distance and a position angle of the UE at the predetermined time,
(e) calculating a moved vector, using the moved distance and the position angle of the UE at the predetermined time, and
(f) estimating a second position of the UE at the predetermined time by using the first position and the moved vector.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the DR sensor is a gyro sensor.
3. A method of locating a UE (User Equipment) using DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System), comprising:
compiling by the UE a first position of the UE at an initial time and a fixed position of Node B serving the UE, the first position and the fixed position calculated by the Node B using signals from at least three DGPS satellites;
calculating a first distance between the UE and the Node B, using information about a first RTT (Round Trip Time) received from the Node B at the initial time, the first distance corresponding to the UE at the initial time;
calculating a second distance between the Node B and the UE at a predetermined time when the UE is in a shadow area of DGPS satellites, the predetermined time following the initial time, using information about a second RTT received from the Node B at the predetermined time;
calculating a moved distance that the UE has moved from the initial time to the predetermined time, using the first distance, the second distance and a position angle of the UE at the predetermined time;
calculating a moved vector using the moved distance and the position angle of the UE at the predetermined time; and estimating a second position of the UE at the predetermined time by using the first position and the moved vector.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of patterning, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a porous film; and
(b) adding at least one structure to the porous film.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the porous film is a polymeric porous film.
3. (canceled)
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pores of the porous film have a substantially uniform pore size.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the average diameter of the structure is about the same or less than the average diameter of the pores of the porous film.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one structure contacts the bore of at least one pore of the porous film.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the structure is selected from the group consisting of: beads, spheres, cells, bacteria and a combination thereof.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein at least one capture reagent is provided on the surface of the structure.
9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the capture reagent is selected from the group consisting of: biological cells, biomolecules, ligands, drug targets and a combination thereof.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the biomolecules comprise proteins, DNA, antibodies andor antigens.
11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the structure is doped or conjugated with a fluorescent material.
12-13. (canceled)
14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step (i) of mixing is carried out in the presence of at least one solvent.
15-16. (canceled)
17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the water droplets formed depress into the mixture on the substrate to form pores on the surface.
18. (canceled)
19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic material is selected from the group consisting of: silicon alkoxides, poly(ethylene oxide), polyethylene glycol and polyacrylamide.
20. The method according to claim 19, wherein the silicon alkoxide is tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS).
21. (canceled)
22. A patterned porous film prepared according to the method of any one of claim 1.
23-43. (canceled)
44. A method of preparing a porous film, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) mixing at least one polymer and at least one hydrophilic material to form a mixture;
(b) adding the mixture to at least one surface of a substrate; and
(c) cooling the at least one surface of the substrate to form water droplets on the surface.
45. The method according to claim 44, wherein the step (a) of mixing is carried out in the presence of at least one solvent.
46-47. (canceled)
48. The method according to claim 44, wherein the water droplets formed depress into the mixture on the substrate to form pores on the surface.
49. (canceled)
50. The method according to claim 44, wherein the hydrophilic material is selected from the group consisting of: silicon alkoxides, poly(ethylene oxide), polyethylene glycol and polyacrylamide
51. The method according to claim 50, wherein the silicon alkoxide is tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS).
52-62. (canceled)