1. A variable speed drive system, comprising: a synchronous electric motor, operably coupled to an output shaft, and operable for applying a varying force to the output shaft in response to a varying input AC electric signal; a control unit, operably coupled to a battery, plural rotor sensors, and a drive unit, and operable, in response to signaling indicative of the position of one or more sensors, to generate the input signal according to a first mode for low speed operation, a second mode for high speed operation, and a transitional mode between first and second thresholds, wherein the control unit comprises a polyphase inverter coupled to the drive unit, a controller coupled to the inverter, and a position estimator coupled to the controller and operably coupled to the sensors, wherein the position estimator comprises a phase locked loop operable to control the drive unit in the second mode according to a continuous waveform function, and an angular position interpolator operable to control the drive unit in the first mode according to a step waveform function.
2. The drive of claim 1, wherein the position estimator is operable to initialize the first mode based on a midpoint of an angular range between detected immediately prior and next sensor positions, and after initialization the controller is operable to change settings of inverter switches based on an input control angle, the control angle derived from detected sensor position information; wherein the position estimator and controller together comprise a processor configured to execute a polyphase AC control program; and wherein the processor, when executing said program, is operably configured to perform an operation having plural instructions comprising first instructions for controlling the drive unit in the first mode according to a step waveform function, second instructions for controlling the drive unit in the second mode according to a continuous waveform function, and third instructions for controlling the drive unit in the transition mode according to a transition waveform function.
3. The drive of claim 2, wherein the processor, when executing said program, is operable to execute mode change instructions to apply the first instructions when operating at less than a first angular speed, the second instructions when operating at a second angular speed greater than the first angular speed, and the third instructions when operating at an angular speed between the first and second angular speeds.
4. The drive of claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured for changing the input control angle based on the position output of the phase locked loop, \u03b8PLL, such that a control angle \u03b8ctrl is held constant until \u03b8PLL>(\u03b8max\u2212\u0394*F(\u03c9)), where \u03b8max is the angular position of a next sensor transition and F is a non-decreasing function equal to zero below the first threshold \u03c91 and 0.5 above the second threshold \u03c92, and \u0394 is the width of a current interval between the detected immediately prior and next sensor positions.
5. The drive of claim 4, wherein the control unit is configured such that, when \u03b8PLL>(\u03b8max\u2212\u0394*F(\u03c9)),\u03b8ctrl is raised at a fixed rate \u03c9ctrl, which is greater than \u03c9PLL, to \u03b8max\u2212
6. The drive of claim 5, wherein the control unit is configured such that, when \u03b8ctrl is equal to \u03b8max, \u03b8ctrl is held constant until a next sensor transition is detected.
7. The drive of claim 3, wherein the position estimator is operable to initialize the first mode based on a midpoint of an angular range between detected immediately prior and next sensor positions, and after initialization the controller is operable to change settings of inverter switches based on an input control angle, the control angle derived from detected sensor position information; wherein the position estimator and controller together comprise a processor configured to execute a polyphase AC control program; and wherein the processor, when executing said program, is operably configured to perform an operation having plural instructions comprising first instructions for controlling the drive unit in the first mode according to a continuous waveform function, second instructions for controlling the drive unit in the second mode according to the step waveform function, and third instructions for controlling the drive unit in the transition mode according to a transition waveform function.
8. The drive of claim 7, wherein the processor, when executing said program, is operable to execute mode change instructions to apply the first instructions when operating at less than a first angular speed, the second instructions when operating at a second angular speed greater than the first angular speed, and the third instructions when operating at an angular speed between the first and second angular speeds.
9. An electric vehicle, comprising:
a multi-wheel drive system coupled to a drive shaft;
a battery; and
a variable speed drive system, comprising: a synchronous electric motor, operably coupled to the drive shaft, and operable for applying a varying force to the drive shaft in response to a varying input AC electric signal; a control unit, operably coupled to a battery, plural rotor sensors, and the motor, and operable, in response to signaling indicative of the position of one or more sensors, to generate the input signal according to a first mode for low speed operation, a second mode for high speed operation, and a transitional mode between first and second thresholds,
wherein the control unit comprises a polyphase inverter coupled to the motor, a controller coupled to the inverter, and a position estimator coupled to the controller and operably coupled to the sensors, and wherein the position estimator is operable to control the motor in the second mode according to a continuous waveform function, and an angular position interpolator operable to control the motor in the first mode according to a step waveform function.
10. The vehicle of claim 9, wherein the position estimator is operable to initialize the first mode based on a midpoint of an angular range between detected immediately prior and next sensor positions, and after initialization the controller is operable to change settings of inverter switches based on an input control angle, the control angle derived from detected sensor position information.
11. The vehicle of claim 10: wherein the position estimator and controller together comprise a processor configured to execute a polyphase AC control program; wherein the processor, when executing said program, is operably configured to perform an operation having plural instructions comprising first instructions for controlling the motor in the first mode according to a continuous waveform function, second instructions for controlling the motor in the second mode according to the step waveform function, and third instructions for controlling the motor in the transition mode according to a transition waveform function; wherein the processor, when executing said program, is operable to execute mode change instructions to apply the first instructions when operating at less than the first threshold, the second instructions when operating at a second angular speed greater than the second threshold, and the third instructions when operating at an angular speed between the first and second thresholds.
12. The vehicle of claim 10, wherein the control unit is configured so the input control angle is changed based on the position output, \u03b8PLL, of the position estimator, which position estimator comprises a phase locked loop, such that a control angle \u03b8ctrl is held constant until \u03b8PLL>(\u03b8max\u2212\u0394*F(\u03c9)), where \u03b8max is the angular position of a next sensor transition and F is a non-decreasing function equal to zero below the first threshold \u03c91 and 0.5 above the second threshold \u03c92, and \u0394 is the width of a current interval between the detected immediately prior and next sensor positions.
13. The vehicle of claim 12, wherein the control unit is configured such that:
wherein when \u03b8PLL>(\u03b8max\u2212\u0394*F(\u03c9)),\u03b8ctrl is raised at a fixed rate \u03c9ctrl, which is greater than \u03c9PLL, to \u03b8max; and
wherein when \u03b8ctrl is equal to \u03b8max, \u03b8ctrl is held constant until a next sensor transition is detected.
14. The vehicle of claim 10, wherein the sensors comprise one of the group consisting of Hall effect sensors and optical encoders.
15. A method of operating an electric vehicle, comprising: providing a varying force to a drive shaft of a multi-wheel drive system by a synchronous electric motor, operably coupled to the drive shaft, the varying force being applied in response to a varying input AC electric signal generating the input signal by a control unit, operably coupled plural rotor sensors and the motor, in response to signaling indicative of the position of one or more sensors, the input signal being generated according to a first mode for low speed operation, a second mode for high speed operation, and a transitional mode between first and second thresholds, wherein the control unit comprises a polyphase inverter coupled to the motor, a controller coupled to the inverter, and a position estimator coupled to the controller and operably coupled to the sensors, further comprising controlling the motor in the second mode according to a continuous waveform function, and controlling the motor in the first mode according to a step waveform function.
16. The method of claim 15, further comprising initializing the first mode based on a midpoint of an angular range between detected immediately prior and next sensor positions, and after initialization changing settings of inverter switches based on an input control angle, the control angle derived from detected sensor position information.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the position estimator and controller together comprise a processor configured to execute a polyphase AC control program operably configured to perform an operation having plural instructions, further comprising:
controlling the motor in the first mode according to a continuous waveform function when operating at less than the first threshold; controlling the motor in the second mode according to the step waveform function when operating at a second angular speed greater than the second threshold; and controlling the motor in the transition mode according to a transition waveform function when operating at an angular speed between the first and second thresholds.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the input control angle is changed based on the position output, \u03b8PLL, of the position estimator, the position estimator comprising a phase locked loop, such that a control angle \u03b8ctrl is held constant until \u03b8PLL>(\u03b8max\u2212\u0394*F(\u03c9)), where \u03b8max is the angular position of a next sensor transition and F is a non-decreasing function equal to zero below the first threshold \u03c91 and 0.5 above the second threshold \u03c92, and \u0394 is the width of a current interval between the detected immediately prior and next sensor positions.
19. The method of claim 18:
wherein when \u03b8PLL>(\u03b8max\u2212\u0394*F(\u03c9)),\u03b8ctrl is raised at a fixed rate \u03c9ctrl, which is greater than \u03c9PLL, to \u03b8max; and
wherein when \u03b8ctrl is equal to \u03b8max, \u03b8ctrl is held constant until a next sensor transition is detected.
20. A method of operating a variable speed drive unit, comprising: providing a varying force to a drive shaft by a synchronous electric motor of the drive unit, operably coupled to the drive shaft, the varying force being applied in response to a varying input AC electric signal; generating the input signal by a control unit, operably coupled plural rotor sensors and the motor, in response to signaling indicative of the position of one or more sensors, the input signal being generated according to a first mode for low speed operation, a second mode for high speed operation, and a transitional mode between first and second thresholds wherein the control unit comprises a polyphase inverter coupled to the motor, a controller coupled to the inverter, and a position estimator coupled to the controller and operably coupled to the sensors, further comprising controlling the motor in the second mode according to a continuous waveform function, and controlling the motor in the first mode according to a step waveform function, further comprising initializing the first mode based on a midpoint of an angular range between detected immediately prior and next sensor positions, and after initialization changing settings of inverter switches based on an input control angle, the control angle derived from detected sensor position information.
21. The method of claim 20, wherein the position estimator and controller together comprise a processor configured to execute a polyphase AC control program operably configured to perform an operation having plural instructions, further comprising: controlling the motor in the first mode according to a continuous waveform function when operating at less than the first threshold; controlling the motor in the second mode according to the step waveform function when operating at a second angular speed greater than the second threshold; and controlling the motor in the transition mode according to a transition waveform function when operating at an angular speed between the first and second thresholds.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the input control angle is changed based on the position output of the position estimator, \u03b8PLL, the position estimator comprising a phase locked loop, such that a control angle \u03b8crtl is held constant until \u03b8PLL>(\u03b8max\u2212\u0394*F(\u03c9)), where \u03b8max is the angular position of a next sensor transition and F is a non-decreasing function equal to zero below the first threshold \u03c91 and 0.5 above the second threshold \u03c92, and \u0394 is the width of a current interval between the detected immediately prior and next sensor positions;
wherein when \u03b8PLL>(\u03b8max\u2212\u0394*F(\u03c9),\u03b8ctrl is raised at a fixed rate \u03c9ctrl, which is greater than \u03b8PLL, to \u03b8max; and
wherein when \u03b8ctrl is equal to \u03b8max, \u03b8crtl is held constant until a next sensor transition is detected.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An ethylene copolymer obtained by polymerization of ethylene and a (C3-C18) \u03b1-olefin co-monomer, the ethylene copolymer being injection-moldable, wherein the ethylene copolymer has a density of 0.91 to 0.94 gcm3 and a melt index (MI) of 3 to 50 g10 min, a molecular weight distribution index 1.98 to 2.21 as measured by mass average molecular weight divided by number average molecular weight, and satisfies Formulas 1 and 2 below:
S\u2267(8\xd71056)\xd7e\u2212144.1D\u2003\u2003Formula 1
S\u2266(3\xd71025)\xd7e\u221261.8D\u2003\u2003Formula 2
in Formulas 1 and 2, S (wt %) represents an extract content of the ethylene copolymer at 35\xb0 C. after 10 minutes as measured by temperature rising elution fractionation analysis using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as a solvent, and D (gcm3) represents a density of the ethylene copolymer.
2. The ethylene copolymer of claim 1, wherein the ethylene copolymer satisfies Formula 1 as defined in claim 1 and Formula 3 below:
S\u2266(7\xd71032)\xd7e\u221281.1D\u2003\u2003Formula 3
in Formula 3, S (wt %) represents an extract content of the ethylene copolymer at 35\xb0 C. after 10 minutes as measured by themperature rising elution fractionation analysis using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as a solvent, and D (gcm3) represents a density of the ethylene copolymer.
3. The ethylene copolymer of claim 1, wherein the extract content (S) of the ethylene copolymer is 1.8 wt % or lower.
4. The ethylene copolymer of claim 1, wherein the extract content (S) of the ethylene copolymer is 0.1 to 1.8 wt %.
5. The ethylene copolymer of claim 1, wherein the (C3\u02dcC18) \u03b1-olefin comonomer is selected from propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, and a mixture thereof.
6. The ethylene copolymer of claim 5, wherein the (C3\u02dcC18) \u03b1-olefin comonomer is contained in a content of 1 to 40 wt %.
7. The ethylene copolymer of claim 1, wherein the polymerization is conducted in the presence of a catalyst composition including a transition metal catalyst represented by Chemical Formula 1 below:
in Chemical Formula 1, M represents a group IV transition metal in a periodic table;
Cp is a cyclopentadienyl ring or a fused ring including a cyclopentadienyl ring, which may be \u03b75-bonded to the central metal M, and the cyclopentadienyl ring or the fused ring including a cyclopentadienyl ring may be further substituted with one or more selected from (C1-C20)alkyl, (C6-C30)aryl, (C2-C20)alkenyl, and (C6-C30)ar(C1-C20)alkyl;
R1 through R4 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, (C1-C20)alkyl, (C3-C20)cycloalkyl, (C6-C30)aryl, (C6-C30)ar(C1-C10)alkyl, (C1-C20)alkoxy, (C3-C20)alkylsiloxy, (C6-C30)arylsiloxy, (C1-C20)alkylamino, (C6-C30)arylamino, (C1-C20)alkylthio, (C6-C30)arylthio, or nitro, or the R1 through R4 are linked to an adjacent substituent via (C3-C12)alkylene or (C3-C12)alkenylene with or without a fused ring to form an alicyclic ring and a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic ring;
Ar1 represents (C6-C30)aryl or (C3-C30)heteroaryl containing one or more selected from N, O, and S;
X1 and X2 independently represent a halogen atom, (C1-C20)alkyl, (C3-C20)cycloalkyl, (C6-C30)ar(C1-C20)alkyl, (C1-C20)alkoxy, (C3-C20)alkylsiloxy, (C6-C30)arylsiloxy, (C1-C20)alkylamino, (C6-C30)arylamino, (C1-C20)alkylthio, (C6-C30)arylthio, or
R11 through R15 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, (C1-C20)alkyl, (C3-C20)cycloalkyl, (C6-C30)aryl, (C6-C30)ar(C1-C10)alkyl, (C1-C20)alkoxy, (C3-C20)alkylsiloxy, (C6-C30)arylsiloxy, (C1-C20)alkylamino, (C6-C30)arylamino, (C1-C20)alkylthio, (C6-C30)arylthio, or nitro, or the R11 through R15 are linked to an adjacent substituent via (C3-C12)alkylene or (C3-C12)alkenylene with or without a fused ring to form an alicyclic ring and a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic ring; and
the alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, alkylsiloxy, arylsiloxy, alkylamino, arylamino, alkylthio, and arylthio of R1 through R4, R11 through R15, and X1 and X2; a ring formed by linking R1 through R4 or R11 through R15 to an adjacent substituent via alkylene or alkenylene; and the aryl or heteroaryl of Ar1 may be further substituted with one or more selected from a halogen atom, (C1-C20)alkyl, (C3-C20)cycloalkyl, (C6-C30)aryl, (C6-C30)ar(C1-C10)alkyl, (C1-C20)alkoxy, (C3-C20)alkylsiloxy, (C6-C30)arylsiloxy, (C1-C20)alkylamino, (C6-C30)arylamino, (C1-C20)alkylthio, (C6-C30)arylthio, nitro, and hydroxy.
8. An injection product manufactured from the ethylene copolymer of claim 1.
9. The injection product of claim 8, wherein the injection product is a food container.
10. The injection product of claim 8, wherein the injection product is a container for using in a refrigerator.
11. The injection product of claim 8, wherein the injection product is a pipe, a hollow molded product, a rotation molded product, or a sheet product.