1. A method of authorizing a request for a resource based on a context of the request, the method comprising:
receiving at an authorization system the request from a requestor;
requesting by the authorization system context information describing the context of the request;
receiving at the authorization system the context information in response to the request, the context information including information identifying an intended use of the resource by the requestor if the request is authorized and wherein the intended use of the resource is not indicated by the request;
identifying by the authorization system the context of the request based on the received context information including the information identifying the intended use of the resource; and
determining by the authorization system whether to authorize the request based on the context of the request.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein requesting the context information comprises requesting the context information from the requestor.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein requesting the context information comprises requesting the context information from an entity other than the requestor.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein determining whether to authorize the request comprises applying one or more policies to the request and the context of the request.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein determining whether to authorize the request further comprises delegating at least a part of the determination.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising, in response to determining to authorize the request, passing the request to the resource.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising, in response to determining to authorize the request, returning a response to the requestor indicating authorization.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein authorization is conditioned on the context of the request.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the response includes information indicating authorization.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the information indicating authorization comprises a token for accessing the resource.
11. The method of claim 1, further comprising, in response to determining to authorize the request, performing an action indicated by the request on behalf of the requestor.
12. An authorization system comprising:
a processor; and
a memory communicatively coupled with and readable by the processor and having stored therein a sequence of instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to receive a request from a requestor, request context information describing the context of the request, receive the context information in response to the request, the context information including information identifying an intended use of the resource by the requestor if the request is authorized and wherein the intended use of the resource is not indicated by the request, identify a context of the request based on the received context information including the information identifying the intended use of the resource, and determine whether to authorize the request based on the context of the request.
13. The system of claim 12, wherein requesting the context information comprises requesting the context information from the requestor.
14. The system of claim 12, wherein requesting the context information comprises requesting the context information from an entity other than the requestor.
15. The system of claim 12, wherein the authorization system determines whether to authorize the request by applying one or more policies to the request and the context of the request.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein the authorization system determines whether to authorize the request further by delegating at least a part of the determination.
17. The system of claim 12, wherein the authorization system, in response to determining to authorize the request, passes the request to the resource.
18. The system of claim 12, wherein the authorization system, in response to determining to authorize the request, returns a response to the requestor indicating authorization.
19. The system of claim 18, wherein authorization is conditioned on the context of the request.
20. The system of claim 18, wherein the response includes information indicating authorization.
21. The system of claim 20, wherein the information indicating authorization comprises a token for accessing the resource.
22. The system of claim 12, wherein the authorization system is further adapted to performing an action indicated by the request on behalf of the requestor in response to determining to authorize the request.
23. A machine-readable memory having stored thereon a series of instructions which, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to authorize a request for a resource based on a context of the request by:
receiving the request from a requestor;
requesting context information describing the context of the request;
receiving the context information in response to the request, the context information including information identifying an intended use of the resource by the requestor if the request is authorized and wherein the intended use of the resource is not indicated by the request;
identifying the context of the request based on the received context information including the information identifying the intended use of the resource; and
determining whether to authorize the request based on the context of the request.
24. The machine-readable memory of claim 23, further comprising, in response to determining to authorize the request, passing the request to the resource.
25. The machine-readable memory of claim 23, further comprising, in response to determining to authorize the request, returning a response to the requestor indicating authorization.
26. The machine-readable memory of claim 25, wherein the response includes information indicating authorization.
27. The machine-readable memory of claim 23, further comprising, in response to determining to authorize the request, performing an action indicated by the request on behalf of the requestor.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for detecting an image of an object using at least one x-ray beam, the method comprising:
transmitting the at least one x-ray beam through a first view of the object and emitting from the object at least one transmitted beam;
directing the at least one transmitted beam at an analyzer;
positioning the analyzer at more than two angular positions and measuring an intensity of each said transmitted beam at each of the angular positions;
obtaining from the intensity measurements at the more than two angular positions at least one parameter of a measured angular intensity spectrum selected from a group consisting of a total intensity of the measured angular intensity spectrum, an angular divergence of the measured angular intensity spectrum, and a midpoint of the measured angular intensity spectrum;
obtaining at least one parameter of the object from at least one of the at least one parameter of the measured angular intensity spectrum; and
using the at least one parameter of the object to display the image of the object.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the at least one parameter of the object includes at least one of an attenuation property, a refraction property and a scatter property of the object.
3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising preparing the at least one x-ray beam by diffraction from a monochromator.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the object is moved with respect to the analyzer and the image of the object is displayed at a plurality of second views of the object.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the analyzer includes a cyrstal.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein each said parameter is displayed as one of a monochrome image and a pseudocolor image.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the image is displayed in one of two dimensions or three dimensions.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the image is displayed as a computed tomographic image.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the angular divergence of the measured angular intensity spectrum comprises a second central moment of the measured angular intensity spectrum.
10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the midpoint of the measured angular intensity spectrum comprises a centroid of the measured angular intensity spectrum.
11. A method for detecting an image of an object using at least one x-ray beam, the method comprising:
transmitting the at least one x-ray beam through a first view of the object and emitting from the object at least one transmitted beam;
directing the at least one transmitted beam at an analyzer;
positioning the analyzer at more than two angular positions and measuring an intensity of each said transmitted beam at each of the angular positions;
obtaining at least one parameter of a measured angular intensity spectrum from the intensity measurements at the more than two angular positions;
obtaining at least one parameter of a rocking curve of an analyzer system;
subtracting the parameter of the rocking curve from the parameter of the measured intensity spectrum to obtain a parameter of the object; and
using the parameter of the object to display the image of the object.
12. A method for detecting an image of an object using at least one x-ray beam, the method comprising:
transmitting the at least one x-ray beam through a first view of the object and emitting from the object at least one transmitted beam;
directing the at least one transmitted beam at an analyzer;
positioning the analyzer at more than two angular positions and measuring an intensity of each said transmitted beam at each of the angular positions;
determining an estimated angular intensity spectrum from the intensity measurements at the more than two angular positions as a function of a sensitivity of an analyzer system;
obtaining at least one parameter of the object from the estimated angular intensity spectrum; and
using the at least one parameter to display the image of the object.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the sensitivity of the analyzer is a rocking curve of the analyzer system.
14. The method according to claim 13, wherein a convolution integral is derived between the true angular intensity spectrum and the rocking curve.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein a deconvolution operation inverts an effect of the convolution integral.
16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the estimated angular intensity spectrum is determined by numerically computing the deconvolution operation.
17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the at least one parameter includes at least one of an attenuation property, a refraction property and a scatter property of the object.
18. The method according to claim 15, wherein an estimated angular intensity spectrum is determined indirectly by postulating a model of the measured angular intensity spectrum a priori and by estimating the at least one parameter of the model.
19. A method for detecting an image of an object using at least one x-ray beam, the method comprising:
transmitting the at least one x-ray beam through a first view of the object and emitting from the object at least one transmitted beam;
directing the at least one transmitted beam at an analyzer;
positioning the analyzer at more than two angular positions and measuring an intensity of each said transmitted beam at each of the angular positions, wherein one of the angular positions is at a peak of the rocking curve of an analyzer system;
determining an attenuation parameter from at least two of the other more than two intensity measurements; and
subtracting the attenuation parameter from the intensity measurement measured at the rocking curve peak to obtain a scatter parameter of the object; and
using the scatter parameter to display the image of the object.
20. A method for detecting an image of an object using at least one x-ray beam, the method comprising:
transmitting the at least one x-ray beam through a first view of the object and emitting from the object at least one transmitted beam;
directing the at least one transmitted beam at an analyzer;
positioning the analyzer at more than two angular positions and measuring an intensity of each said transmitted beam at each of the angular positions;
obtaining more than one parameter from the intensity measurements at the more than two angular positions; and
classifying all or part of the object into different categories of tissues or materials based on the obtained parameters.
21. The method of claim 20, further comprising classifying the tissue or material of the object by statistical pattern recognition of the obtained parameters.
22. The method according to claim 20, further comprising calculating a ratio value of at least two of the parameters and classifying the tissue or material of the object by the ratio value.