1. An inkjet printing method, comprising the steps of:
A. providing an inkjet printer that is responsive to digital data signals;
B. loading the printer with an inkjet recording element comprising a support having in relative order thereon:
(a) an upper fusible, porous layer comprising fusible reactive polymeric particles that comprise a thermoplastic polymer having reactive functionalities, and
(b) a lower crosslinker-containing second layer comprising a polyfunctional compound having complementary reactive functionalities capable of crosslinking the reactive functionalities on the thermoplastic polymer of the upper fusible porous layer when subjected to fusing;
C. loading the printer with an inkjet ink composition;
D. printing on the inkjet recording element using the inkjet ink composition in response to the digital data signals; and
E. fusing at least the upper fusible, porous layer to render the layer non-porous.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer in the fusible reactive polymeric particles comprises monomeric units having reactive functionalities selected from the group consisting of oxazoline, epoxy, acid, anhydride, acetoacetoxy, primary or secondary amine, hydroxyl, phenol, thiol, and isocyanate functionalities, and wherein the polyfunctional compound has complementary reactive functionalities along a polymer chain, the complementary reactive functionalities selected from the same group.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the polyfunctional compound comprises 0.1 to 100 mole percent of monomeric units having the complementary reactive functionalities and 0 to 99.9 mole percent of monomeric units that are derived from non-reactive monomers.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the polyfunctional compound comprises 5 to 50 percent of monomeric units derived from functionally reactive monomers selected from the group consisting of epoxy and oxazoline monomers.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the polyfunctional compound is an epoxy-functional polymer, and the thermoplastic polymer is an acid-functional, hydroxy-functional, amine-functional, or anhydride functional polymer.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the polyfunctional compound is an oxazoline-functional polymer, and the thermoplastic polymer is an acid-functional, anhydride-functional, phenol-functional, or thiol-functional polymer.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the upper fusible, porous layer is an uppermost porous layer in the inkjet recording element.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising an ink-carrier-liquid receptive layer between the support and the upper fusible, porous layer.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the number average molecular weight of the thermoplastic polymer is from 5,000 to 1,000,000 and the glass transition temperature is above about 20 C. and less than about 100\xb0 C.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises a step growth polymer selected from the group consisting of polyester and polyurethane, a derivative of cellulose or other natural polymer, or a chain growth polymer selected from the group consisting of a styrenic polymer, vinyl polymer, ethylene-vinyl chloride copolymer, acrylic polymer, poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinylidene chloride), vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymer, and copolymers thereof.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises a polyacrylate polymer or copolymer comprising one or more monomeric units derived from an alkyl acrylate or an alkyl methacrylate monomer, wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises a first monomeric unit having a reactive functionality selected from the group consisting of oxazoline, epoxy, acid, anhydride, acetoacetoxy, primary or secondary amine, hydroxyl, phenol, thiol, and isocyanate functionalities, and wherein the polyfunctional compound comprises a second monomeric unit having a complementary reactive functionality, the complementary reactive functionality being selected from the same group, such that the reactive functionality and the complementary reactive functionality are capable of crosslinking.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises an acid-functional, hydroxy-functional, amine-functional, or acid-anhydride functional group.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer and the polyfunctional compound, respectively, comprise a hydroxy group and an epoxy group.
15. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer and the polyfunctional compound, respectively, comprise a hydroxy group and carboxylic acid group.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer and the polyfunctional compound, respectively, comprise an oxazoline group and carboxylic acid group.
17. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer and the polyfunctional compound, respectively, comprise a carboxylic acid group and a complementary crosslinking group.
18. The method of claim 1, wherein the thermoplastic polymer and the polyfunctional compound, respectively, comprise an acetoacetoxy and amine functionality.
19. The method of claim 1, wherein the inkjet recording element further comprises a lower fusible, porous layer between the upper fusible, porous layer and the support that is a dye-trapping layer comprising fusible polymer particles, a dye mordant, and an optional binder and, between the dye-trapping layer and the support, an optional ink-carrier-liquid receptive layer.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein the dye mordant comprises a quaternary ammonium compound.
21. The method of claim 19, wherein the inkjet ink composition is a dye-based ink and further comprising simultaneously fusing the lower fusible porous layer, functioning as a dye-trapping layer, and the upper fusible, porous layer, functioning as an ink-transporting layer, such that both layers are non-porous.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A liquid-crystalline medium having a helically twisted structure comprising a nematic component and an optically active component, wherein:
the optically active component comprises one or more chiral compounds whose helical twisting power and concentration are selected in such a way that the helix pitch of the medium is \u22661 \u03bcm, and
the medium has a birefringence \u0394n of \u22660.16.
2. A liquid-crystalline medium having a helically twisted structure comprising a nematic component and an optically active component, wherein:
the optically active component comprises one or more chiral compounds whose helical twisting power and concentration are selected in such a way that the helix pitch of the medium is \u22661 \u03bcm, and
the nematic component comprises one or more compounds of the formula I:
and one or more compounds of the formula II:
in which
R and R0 are each, independently of one another, H or an alkyl or alkenyl radical having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms which is unsubstituted, monosubstituted by CN or CF3 or at least monosubstituted by halogen, where one or more CH2 groups in these radicals are optionally, independently of one another, replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014,
\u2003\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014O\u2014CO\u2014O\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
\u2003are each, independently of one another,
L1, L2, L5 and L6 are each, independently of one another, H or F,
Z1 is \u2014COO\u2014 or, if at least one of the radicals A1 and A2 is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene, is alternatively \u2014CH2CH2\u2014 or a single bond,
Y1 and Y2 are each, independently of one another, H or F,
X0 is F, Cl, CN, halogenated alkyl, alkenyl or alkoxy having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and
a and b are each, independently of one another, 0 or 1.
3. A medium according to claim 2, which additionally comprises one or more alkenyl compounds selected from the following formulae:
in which
A3 is 1,4-phenylene or trans-1,4-cyclohexylene,
c is 0 or 1,
R3 is an alkenyl group having from 2 to 7 carbon atoms,
R4 is an alkyl, alkoxy or alkenyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, in which one or two non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014 or \u2014COO\u2014 in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another,
Q is CF2, OCF2, CFH, OCFH or a single bond,
Y is F or Cl, and
L1 and L2 are each, independently of one another, H or F,
provided that when the compound is of formula III2, it is different from the compound of formula II in the medium.
4. A medium according to claim 2, which additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the following formulae:
in which R1 and R2 have one of the meanings indicated for R in the formula I, and L1 is H or F.
5. A medium according to claim 3, which additionally comprises one or more compounds selected from the following formulae:
in which R1 and R2 have one of the meanings indicated for R in the formula I, and L1 is H or F.
6. A medium according to claim 2, wherein the proportion of compounds of the formula I in the mixture as a whole is from 7 to 80% by weight.
7. A medium according to claim 2, wherein the proportion of compounds of the formula II in the mixture as a whole is from 5 to 50% by weight.
8. A medium according to claim 2, wherein the proportion of the optically active component is from 0.01 to 7%.
9. A medium according to claim 2, wherein the medium has a reflection wavelength in the range from 400 to 800 nm.
10. A medium according to claim 2, wherein the medium has a birefringence \u0394n of \u22660.16.
11. An electro-optical liquid-crystal display containing a liquid-crystalline medium according claim 1.
12. An electro-optical liquid-crystal display containing a liquid-crystalline medium according claim 2.
13. An electro-optical liquid-crystal display according to claim 11, which display is a cholesteric, SSCT, PSCT or flexoelectric display.
14. An electro-optical liquid-crystal display according to claim 12, which display is a cholesteric, SSCT, PSCT or flexoelectric display.
15. An electro-optical liquid-crystal display according to claim 11, wherein the display has a layer thickness of the liquid crystal cell, d, and the medium has a helix pitch, p, such that the ratio dp is from 2 to 20.
16. An electro-optical liquid-crystal display according to claim 12, wherein the display has a layer thickness of the liquid crystal cell, d, and the medium has a helix pitch, p, such that the ratio dp is from 2 to 20.
17. A medium according to claim 1, wherein the helix pitch of the medium is from 200 nm to 750 nm.
18. A medium according to claim 2, wherein the helix pitch of the medium is from 200 nm to 750 nm.
19. A medium according to claim 1, wherein the optically active component exhibits a helical twisting power of 20 \u03bcm31 or more.
20. A medium according to claim 2, wherein the optically active component exhibits a helical twisting power of 20 \u03bcm31 or more.
21. A medium according to claim 1, wherein the optically active component includes at least one compound of the following:
cholesteryl nonanoate,
compounds of the formulae VII to IX:
compounds of the formula X:
compounds of the formula XI:
X11 and X22 are each, independently of one another, \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CF\u2014 or a single bond,
Z11 is in each case, independently of one another, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014O\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014N(R00)\u2014, \u2014N(R00)\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014SCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2S\u2014, \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or a single bond,
R00 is H or alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
A11 and A22 are each, independently of one another: 1,4-phenylene, in which, in addition, one or more CH groups are optionally replaced by N; 1,4-cyclohexylene, in which one or two non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O andor S; 1,3-dioxolane-4,5-diyl; cyclohexenylene; bicyclo2.2.2octylene; piperidine-1,4-diyl; naphthalene-2,6-diyl; decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl; or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, where all of these groups are unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by halogen, CN or NO2 or alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyl having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, in which one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, and
m is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,
provided that at least one of the radicals X11, X22 and Z11 is \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014CF\u2550CF\u2014 and at least one of the radicals
R11 and R22 is a chiral group,
compounds of the formula XVI
R11\u2014X33\u2014(A11\u2014Z11)m\u2014G\u2014(Z22\u2014A22)n\u2014X44\u2014R22\u2003\u2003XVI
wherein, in formula X and XI,
E and F are each, independently of one another; 1,4-phenylene, which is optionally monosubstituted, disubstituted or trisubstituted by L; or 1,4-cyclohexylene,
L is H, F, Cl, CN or optionally halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1-7 carbon atoms,
v is 0 or 1,
Z0 is \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014 or a single bond, and
R0 is alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylcarbonyloxy having 1-12 carbon atoms,
compounds of the formula XII:
in which:
X31, X32, Y31 and Y32 are each, independently of one another: H; F; Cl; Br; I; CN; SCN; SF5; straight-chain or branched alkyl having up to 25 carbon atoms, unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, and in which one or more non-adjacent CH2 group, independently of one another, are optionally replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NR00, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in such a way that O andor S atoms are not linked directly to one another; a polymerizable group; cycloalkyl or aryl having up to 20 carbon atoms, which are optionally monosubstituted or polysubstituted by L or a polymerizable group,
R00 is H or alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
x1 and x2 are each, independently of one another, 0, 1 or 2,
y1 and y2 are each, independently of one another, 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,
B and C are each, independently of one another, an aromatic or partially or fully saturated aliphatic six-membered ring, in which one or more CH groups are optionally replaced by N and one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O andor S,
one of the radicals W11 and W22 is \u2014Z11\u2014A11\u2014(Z22\u2014A22)m\u2014R31 and the other is R32 or A33, or both radicals W11 and W22 are \u2014Z11\u2014A11\u2014(Z22\u2014A22)m\u2014R31, where W1 and W2 are not simultaneously H, or
U1 and U2 are each, independently of one another, CH2, O, S, CO or CS,
V1 and V2 are each, independently of one another, (CH2)n, in which up to four non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O andor S, and one of the radicals V1 and V2 or, if
one or both radicals V1 and V2 are alternatively a single bond,
n is an integer from 1 to 7,
Z11 and Z22 are each, independently of one another, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014O\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014NR00\u2014, \u2014NR00\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014SCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2S\u2014, \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550N\u2014, \u2014N\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014N\u2550N\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or a single bond,
A11, A22 and A33 are each, independently of one another: 1,4-phenylene, in which, in addition, one or more CH groups are optionally replaced by N; 1,4-cyclohexylene, in which, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O andor S; 1,3-dioxolane-4,5-diyl; 1,4-cyclohexenylene; 1,4-bicyclo2.2.2octylene; piperidine-1,4-diyl; naphthalene-2,6-diyl; decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl; or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl; where all these groups are unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by L, and A11 is alternatively a single bond,
L is halogen, CN, NO2 or an alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyl group having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, in which one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl,
m is in each case, independently of one another, 0, 1, 2 or 3, and
R31 and R32 are each, independently of one another: H; F; Cl; Br; I; CN; SCN; OH; SF5; straight-chain or branched alkyl having up to 25 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, and in which, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups, each independently of one another, are optionally replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NR00\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in such a way that O andor S atoms are not linked directly to one another; or a polymerizable group,
compounds of the formula XIII:
in which:
Y11 and Y22 are each, independently of one another: H; F; Cl; Br; I; CN; SCN; SF5; a chiral or achiral alkyl having up to 30 carbon atoms, which is optionally unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, and in which one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are each, independently of one another, optionally replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another; or a polymerizable group,
one of the radicals W1 and W2 is \u2014Z11\u2014A11\u2014(Z22\u2014A22)m\u2014R11 and the other is H, R22 or A33, or both radicals W1 and W2 are \u2014Z1\u2014A1\u2014(Z2\u2014A2)mR, where W1 and W2 are not simultaneously H, or
Z11 and Z22 are each, independently of one another, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014O\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014N(R00)\u2014, \u2014N(R00)\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014SCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2S\u2014, \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550N\u2014, \u2014N\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014N\u2550N\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or a single bond,
R00 is H or alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
A11, A22 and A33 are each, independently of one another: 1,4-phenylene, in which, one or more CH groups are optionally replaced by N; 1,4-cyclohexylene, in which one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O andor S; 1,3-dioxolane-4,5-diyl; 1,4-cyclohexenylene; 1,4-bicyclo2.2.2octylene; piperidine-1,4-diyl; naphthalene-2,6-diyl; decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl; or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, where all these groups are unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by halogen, CN or NO2 or alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyl having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, in which one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, and A11 is alternatively a single bond,
m is 0, 1, 2 or 3, and
R11 and R22 are each, independently of one another, as defined for Y11,
compounds of formula XIV:
in which
X1 and X2 are H, or together form a bivalent radical selected from the group consisting of \u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014CHR11\u2014, \u2014CR112\u2014, \u2014SiR112\u2014 and 1,1-cycloalkylidene,
X3 and X4 have one of the meanings indicated for X1 and X2,
Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 may be identical or different and are each, independently of one another, R11, A or M\u2014R22,
A is a cyclic group,
M is a mesogenic group, and
R11 and R22 are each, independently of one another: H; F; Cl; Br; CN; SCN; SF5; a chiral or achiral alkyl having up to 30 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, or CN, and in which one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are each, independently of one another, optionally replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another; or are a polymerizable group,
where at least one of the radicals Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 is M\u2014R22,
compounds of the formula XV:
\u2003R11\u2014X11\u2014A11\u2014(Z11\u2014A22)m\u2014X22\u2014R22\u2003\u2003XV
in which
R11 and R22 are each, independently of one another: H; F; Cl; Br; CN; SCN; SF5; a chiral or achiral alkyl having up to 30 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, and in which one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are each, independently of one another, optionally replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another; a chiral radical containing one or more aromatic or aliphatic ring groups, which optionally contains fused or spiro-linked rings and one or more heteroatoms; or a polymerizable group,
X11 and X22 are each, independently of one another, \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CF\u2014 or a single bond,
Z11 is in each case, independently of one another, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014O\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014N(R00)\u2014, \u2014N(R00)\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014SCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2S\u2014, \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or a single bond,
R00 is H or alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
A11 and A22 are each, independently of one another: 1,4-phenylene, in which, in addition, one or more CH groups are optionally replaced by N; 1,4-cyclohexylene, in which one or two non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O andor S; 1,3-dioxolane-4,5-diyl; cyclohexenylene; bicyclo2.2.2octylene; piperidine-1,4-diyl; naphthalene-2,6-diyl; decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl; or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl where all of these groups are unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by halogen, CN or NO2 or alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyl having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, in which one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, and
m is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5,
provided that at least one of the radicals X11, X22 and Z11 is \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014CF\u2550CF\u2014 and at least one of the radicals R11 and R22 is a chiral group,
compounds of the formula XVI:
R11\u2014X33\u2014(A11\u2014Z11)m\u2014G\u2014(Z22\u2014A22)n\u2014X44\u2014R22\u2003\u2003XVI
in which
R11 and R22 are each, independently of one another: H; F; Cl; Br; CN; SCN; SF5; or a chiral or achiral alkyl having up to 30 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, and in which one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are each, independently of one another, optionally replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another; or a polymerizable group,
X33, X44, Z11 and Z22 are each, independently of one another, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014O\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014N(R00)\u2014, \u2014N(R00)\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014SCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2S\u2014, \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or a single bond,
R00 is H or alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
A11 and A22 are each, independently of one another: 1,4-phenylene, in which one or more CH groups are optionally replaced by N; 1,4-cyclohexylene, in which one or two non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O andor S; 1,3-dioxolane-4,5-diyl; cyclohexenylene; bicyclo2.2.2octylene; piperidine-1,4-diyl; naphthalene-2,6-diyl; decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl; or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2,6-diyl; where all these groups are unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by halogen, CN or NO2 or alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyl having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, in which one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl,
m and n are each, independently of one another, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and
G is a bivalent chiral group,
in which at least one of the radicals X33, X44, Z11 and Z22 is \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014CF\u2550CF\u2014.
22. A medium according to claim 2, wherein the optically active component includes at least one compound of the following:
cholesteryl nonanoate,
compounds of the formulae VII to IX:
compounds of the formula X:
compounds of the formula XI:
wherein, in formula X and XI,
E and F are each, independently of one another; 1,4-phenylene, which is optionally monosubstituted, disubstituted or trisubstituted by L; or 1,4-cyclohexylene,
L is H, F, Cl, CN or optionally halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1-7 carbon atoms,
v is 0 or 1,
Z0 is \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014 or a single bond, and
R0 is alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or alkylcarbonyloxy having 1-12 carbon atoms,
compounds of the formula XII:
in which:
X31, X32, Y31 and Y32 are each, independently of one another: H; F; Cl; Br; I; CN; SCN; SF5; straight-chain or branched alkyl having up to 25 carbon atoms, optionally unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, and in which one or more non-adjacent CH2 group, independently of one another, are optionally replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NR00\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in such a way that O andor S atoms are not linked directly to one another; a polymerizable group; cycloalkyl or aryl having up to 20 carbon atoms, which are optionally monosubstituted or polysubstituted by L or a polymerizable group,
R00 is H or alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
x1 and x2 are each, independently of one another, 0, 1 or 2,
y1 and y2 are each, independently of one another, 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4,
B and C are each, independently of one another, an aromatic or partially or fully saturated aliphatic six-membered ring, in which one or more CH groups are optionally replaced by N and one or more CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O andor S,
one of the radicals W11 and W22 is \u2014Z11\u2014A11\u2014(Z22\u2014A22)m\u2014R31 and the other is R32 or A33, or both radicals W11 and W22 are \u2014Z11\u2014A11\u2014(Z22\u2014A22)m\u2014R31, where W1 and W2 are not simultaneously H, or
U1 and U2 are each, independently of one another, CH2, O, S, CO, or CS,
V1 and V2 are each, independently of one another, (CH2)n, in which up to four non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O andor S, and one of the radicals V1 and V2 or, if
one or both radicals V1 and V2 are alternatively a single bond,
n is an integer from 1 to 7,
Z11 and Z22 are each, independently of one another, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014O\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014NR00, \u2014NR00\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014SCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2S\u2014, \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550N\u2014, \u2014N\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014N\u2550N\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or a single bond,
A11, A22 and A33 are each, independently of one another: 1,4-phenylene, in which, in addition, one or more CH groups are optionally replaced by N; 1,4-cyclohexylene, in which, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O andor S; 1,3-dioxolane-4,5-diyl; 1,4-cyclohexenylene; 1,4-bicyclo2.2.2octylene; piperidine-1,4-diyl; naphthalene-2,6-diyl; decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl; or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl; where all these groups are unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by L, and A11 is alternatively a single bond,
L is halogen, CN, NO2 or an alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyl group having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, in which one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl,
m is in each case, independently of one another, 0, 1, 2 or 3, and
R31 and R32 are each, independently of one another: H; F; Cl; Br; I; CN; SCN; OH; SF5; straight-chain or branched alkyl having up to 25 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, and in which, one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups, each independently of one another, are optionally replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014NR00\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in such a way that O andor S atoms are not linked directly to one another; or a polymerizable group,
compounds of the formula XIII:
in which:
Y11 and Y22 are each, independently of one another: H; F; Cl; Br; I; CN; SCN; SF5; a chiral or achiral alkyl having up to 30 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, and in which one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are each, independently of one another, optionally replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another; or a polymerizable group,
one of the radicals W1 and W2 is \u2014Z11\u2014A11\u2014(Z22\u2014A22)m\u2014R11 and the other is H, R22 or A33, or both radicals W1 and W2 are \u2014Z1\u2014A1\u2014(Z2\u2014A2)m\u2014R, where W1 and W2 are not simultaneously H, or
Z11 and Z22 are each, independently of one another, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014O\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014N(R00)\u2014, \u2014N(R00)\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014SCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2S\u2014, \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550N\u2014, \u2014N\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014N\u2550N\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or a single bond,
R00 is H or alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
A11, A22 and A33 are each, independently of one another: 1,4-phenylene, in which, one or more CH groups are optionally replaced by N; 1,4-cyclohexylene, in which one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O andor S; 1,3-dioxolane-4,5-diyl; 1,4-cyclohexenylene; 1,4-bicyclo2.2.2octylene; piperidine-1,4-diyl; naphthalene-2,6-diyl; decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl; or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl, where all these groups are unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by halogen, CN or NO2 or alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyl having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, in which one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl, and A11 is alternatively a single bond,
m is 0, 1, 2 or 3, and
R11 and R22 are each, independently of one another, as defined for Y11,
compounds of formula XIV:
in which
X1 and X2 are H, or together form a bivalent radical selected from the group consisting of \u2014CH2\u2014, \u2014CHR11\u2014, \u2014CR112\u2014, \u2014SiR112\u2014 and 1,1-cycloalkylidene,
X3 and X4 have one of the meanings indicated for X1 and X2,
Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 may be identical or different and are each, independently of one another, R11, A or M\u2014R22,
A is a cyclic group,
M is a mesogenic group, and
R11 and R22 are each, independently of one another: H; F; Cl; Br; CN; SCN; SF5; a chiral or achiral alkyl having up to 30 carbon atoms, which is optionally unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, and in which one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are each, independently of one another, optionally replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another; or are a polymerizable group,
where at least one of the radicals Y1, Y2, Y3 and Y4 is M\u2014R22,
compounds of the formula XV
R11\u2014X11\u2014A11\u2014(Z11\u2014A22)m\u2014X22R22\u2003\u2003XV
in which
R11 and R22 are each, independently of one another: H; F; Cl; Br; CN; SCN; SF5; a chiral or achiral alkyl having up to 30 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, and in which one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are each, independently of one another, optionally replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another; a chiral radical containing one or more aromatic or aliphatic ring groups, which optionally contains fused or spiro-linked rings and one or more heteroatoms; or a polymerizable group,
in which
R11 and R22 are each, independently of one another: H; F; Cl; Br; CN; SCN; SF5; or a chiral or achiral alkyl having up to 30 carbon atoms, which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or CN, and in which one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups are each, independently of one another, optionally replaced by \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014NH\u2014, \u2014N(CH3)\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014S\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014C\u2261C\u2014 in such a way that O atoms are not linked directly to one another; or a polymerizable group,
X33, X44, Z11 and Z22 are each, independently of one another, \u2014O\u2014, \u2014S\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014, \u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014, \u2014O\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014CO\u2014N(R00)\u2014, \u2014N(R00)\u2014CO\u2014, \u2014OCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2O\u2014, \u2014SCH2\u2014, \u2014CH2S\u2014, \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CH2CH2\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CH2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CH\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CF\u2014, \u2014C\u2261C\u2014, \u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014COO\u2014, \u2014OCO\u2014CH\u2550CH\u2014 or a single bond,
R00 is H or alkyl having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms,
A11 and A22 are each, independently of one another: 1,4-phenylene, in which one or more CH groups are optionally replaced by N; 1,4-cyclohexylene, in which one or two non-adjacent CH2 groups are optionally replaced by O andor S; 1,3-dioxolane-4,5-diyl; cyclohexenylene; bicyclo2.2.2octylene; piperidine-1,4-diyl; naphthalene-2,6-diyl; decahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl; or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2,6-diyl; where all these groups are unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by halogen, CN or NO2 or alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyl having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, in which one or more H atoms are optionally replaced by F or Cl,
m and n are each, independently of one another, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and
G is a bivalent chiral group,
in which at least one of the radicals X33, X44, Z11 and Z22 is \u2014CF2O\u2014, \u2014OCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2S\u2014, \u2014SCF2\u2014, \u2014CF2CH2\u2014, \u2014CF2CF2\u2014, \u2014CF\u2550CH\u2014 or \u2014CF\u2550CF\u2014.