1. A method of processing a polycrystalline nanoparticle, comprising:
exposing a polycrystalline nanoparticle that includes at least two metal oxide crystallites bonded to each other to a composition, the composition including a catalyst including at least one selected from the group consisting of noble metal and transition metal, and
at least partially separating the at least two metal oxide crystallites of the polycrystalline nanoparticle at an interface thereof.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of palladium, gold, silver, platinum, nickel, combinations of the foregoing and molecules incorporating the foregoing.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further includes a first compound including an amine.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further includes a second compound of a formula: PR1R2R3, wherein at least one of R1, R2 and R3 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl and an aryl.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition further includes a second compound including one selected from the group consisting of trialkylphosphine, and triarylphosphine.
6. The method of claim 3, wherein the exposing includes:
mixing the nanoparticle and the first compound to form a first mixture;
forming a second mixture of the catalyst and a second compound of a formula: PR1R2R3, wherein at least one of R1, R2 and R3 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl and an aryl; and
mixing the first mixture and the second mixture to form a third mixture.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the exposing further includes heating the third mixture to have a temperature of about 50\xb0 C. to about 400\xb0 C.
8. The method of claim 3, wherein the first compound includes aliphatic amine.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst includes metal nanoparticles.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst includes a nanoparticle of one selected from the group consisting of palladium, gold, silver, platinum, nickel, palladium-gold, and palladium-platinum.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the exposing includes forming an outer layer of the nanoparticle.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle includes one or more transition metal oxide.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticle includes a metal bonded to at least one of the at least two metal oxide crystallites.
14. A method of determining nanoparticle crystallinity, comprising;
exposing a population of nanoparticles to a composition, the composition including a catalyst including at least one selected from the group consisting of noble metal and transition metal, wherein said population of nanoparticles includes one or more of one or more single crystalline nanoparticles or one or more polycrystalline nanoparticles, and wherein the polycrystalline nanoparticles, if present, include at least two metal oxide crystallites bonded to each other;
at least partially separating the at least two metal oxide crystallites of the polycrystalline nanoparticles, if present in the population; and
identifying one or more of single crystalline nanoparticles or polycrystalline nanoparticles within the population of nanoparticles.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the catalyst includes at least one selected from the group consisting of palladium, gold, silver, platinum, nickel, combinations of the foregoing and molecules incorporating the foregoing.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the composition further includes a first compound including an amine.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein the composition further includes a second compound of a formula: PR1R2R3, wherein at least one of R1, R2 and R3 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl and an aryl.
18. The method of claim 14, wherein the composition further includes a second compound including one selected from the group consisting of selected from the group consisting of trialkylphosphine, triarylphosphine, and trioctylphosphine.
19. The method of claim 16, wherein the first compound includes aliphatic amine.
20. The method of claim 14, wherein identifying includes counting polycrystalline nanoparticles within the population of nanoparticles.
21. The method of claim 14, wherein the nanoparticles include at least one metal oxide crystallite.
22. The method of claim 21, wherein the nanoparticles include a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of Fe2O3, Fe3O4, MnFe2O3, Mn2O3 and CoO.
23. The method of claim 14, wherein the population of nanoparticles does not include a polycrystalline nanoparticle.
24. A nanoparticle comprising:
at least two metal oxide crystals; and
an outer layer at least partially surrounding the at least two metal oxide crystals such that the at least two metal oxide crystals and the layer form a single nanoparticle,
wherein the at least two metal oxide crystals are unbonded to each other.
25. The nanoparticle of claim 24, wherein each of the at least two metal oxide crystals includes a transition metal oxide.
26. The nanoparticle of claim 24, wherein the at least two metal oxide crystals are spaced from each other.
27. The nanoparticle of claim 24, wherein the outer layer surrounds the at least two metal oxide crystals.
28. The nanoparticle of claim 24, further comprising a metal interposed between the at least two metal oxide crystals.
29. The nanoparticle of claim 28, wherein the metal includes a noble metal.
30. The nanoparticle of claim 28, wherein the metal includes one selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, gold, silver and cobalt.
31. A catalyst comprising the nanoparticles of claim 28.
32. A method of determining nanoparticle crystallinity, comprising;
exposing a population of inorganic nanoparticles to an etchant, wherein said population of inorganic nanoparticles includes one or more of one or more single crystalline nanoparticles or one or more polycrystalline nanoparticles and wherein the polycrystalline nanoparticles, if present, include at least two crystallites bonded to each other;
at least partially separating the at least two crystallites of the polycrystalline nanoparticles, if present in the population; and
identifying one or more of single crystalline nanoparticles or polycrystalline nanoparticles within the population of inorganic nanoparticles.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein the inorganic nanoparticles include one or more nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, metals, and metal chalcogenides.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A co-polymer compound comprising at least one repeating unit represented by the following Formulae in Group A and at least one repeating unit represented by the following Formula in Group B:
Group A:
Group B:
wherein Ar1 is a tetravalent C5-C24 arylene group or a tetravalent C5-C24 heterocyclic ring, which is substituted or unsubstituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 alkoxy, C1-C10 haloalkyl and C1-C10 haloalkoxy, or two or more of which are fused together to form a condensation ring or covalently bonded to each other via a functional group selected from the group consisting of O, S, C(\u2550O), CH(OH), S(\u2550O)2, Si(CH3)2, (CH2)p (in which 1\u2266p\u226610), (CF2)q (in which 1\u2266q\u226610), C(CH3)2, C(CF3)2 and C(\u2550O)NH;
Ar1\u2032 is a bivalent C5-C24 arylene group or a bivalent C5-C24 heterocyclic ring, which is substituted or unsubstituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 alkoxy, C1-C10 haloalkyl and C1-C10 haloalkoxy, or two or more of which are fused together to form a condensation ring or covalently bonded to each other via a functional group selected from the group consisting of O, S, C(\u2550O), CH(OH), S(\u2550O)2, Si(CH3)2, (CH2)p (in which 1\u2266p\u226610), (CF2)q (in which 1\u2266q\u226610), C(CH3)2, C(CF3)2 and C(\u2550O)NH;
Ar2 is a bivalent C5-C24 arylene group or a bivalent C5-C24 heterocyclic ring, which is substituted or unsubstituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-C10 alkyl, C1-C10 alkoxy, C1-C10 haloalkyl and C1-C10 haloalkoxy, or two or more of which are fused together to form a condensation ring or covalently bonded to each other via a functional group selected from the group consisting of O, S, C(\u2550O), CH(OH), S(\u2550O)2, Si(CH3)2, (CH2)p (in which 1\u2266p\u226610), (CF2)q (in which 1\u2266q\u226610), C(CH3)2, C(CF3)2 and C(\u2550O)NH, provided that Ar1\u2032 and Ar2 are different if either Ar1\u2032 or Ar2 is C6H4, and wherein the other end of Ar2 is bonded to a nitrogen atom;
Q is O, S, C(\u2550O), CH(OH), S(\u2550O)2, Si(CH3)2, (CH2)p (in which 1\u2266p\u226610), (CF2)q (in which 1\u2266q\u226610), C(CH3)2, C(CF3)2, C(\u2550O)NH, C(CH3)(CF3), C1-C6 alkyl-substituted phenyl or C1-C6 haloalkyl-substituted phenyl in which Q is linked to opposite both phenyl rings in the position of m-m, m-p, p-m or p-p;
Y\u2033 is \u2014O or S;
n is an integer from 10 to 400; and
l is an integer from 10 to 400.
2. The co-polymer compound according to claim 1, wherein Ar1 is selected from the following compounds:
wherein X is O, S, C(\u2550O), CH(OH), S(\u2550O)2, Si(CH3)2, (CH2)p (in which 1\u2266p\u226610), (CF2)q (in which 1\u2266q\u226610), C(CH3)2, C(CF3)2, or C(\u2550O)NH; W is O, S or C(\u2550O); and Z1, Z2 and Z3 are identical to or different from each other and are O, N or S.
3. The co-polymer compound according to claim 1, wherein Ar1 is selected from the following compounds:
4. The co-polymer compound according to claim 1, wherein Ar1\u2032 and Ar2 are selected from the following compounds:
wherein X is O, S, C(\u2550O), CH(OH), S(\u2550O)2, Si(CH3)2, (CH2)p (in which 1\u2266p\u226610), (CF2)q (in which 1\u2266q\u226610), C(CH3)2, C(CF3)2, or C(\u2550O)NH; W is O, S or C(\u2550O); and Z1, Z2 and Z3 are identical to or different from each other and are O, N or S.
5. The co-polymer compound according to claim 1, wherein Ar1\u2032 and Ar2 are selected from the following compounds:
6. The co-polymer compound according to claim 1, wherein Q is selected from the group consisting of CH2, C(CH3)2, C(CF3)2, O, S, S(\u2550O)2 and C(\u2550O).
7. The co-polymer compound according to claim 1,
wherein Ar1 is
and
Q is C(CF3)2.
8. The co-polymer compound according to claim 1, wherein the co-polymer compound is treated by an acidic dopant.
9. The co-polymer compound according to claim 8, wherein the acidic dopant is selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, HBrO3, HClO4, HPF6, HBF6, 1-methyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (BMIM+) and mixtures thereof.
10. The co-polymer compound according to claim 1, wherein the co-polymer compound includes inorganic oxide selected from the group consisting of fumed silica, zirconium oxide, tetraethoxy silane, montmorillonite clay and mixtures thereof.
11. The co-polymer compound according to claim 1, wherein the co-polymer compound includes inorganic filler selected from the group consisting of phosphotungstic acid (PWA), phosphomolybdenic acid, silicotungstic acid (SiWA), molybdophosphoric acid, silicomolybdic acid, phosphotin acid, zirconium phosphate (ZrP) and mixtures thereof.
12. The co-polymer compound according to claim 1, wherein the co-polymer compound has a fractional free volume (FFV) of 0.18 to 0.40.
13. The co-polymer compound according to claim 1, wherein the co-polymer compound has a d-spacing of 0.58 to 0.80 nm.
14. The co-polymer compound according to claim 1, wherein the co-polymer compound has a cavity radius difference of 0.1 to 0.4 \u212b between maximum cavity radius and minimum cavity radius.
15. The co-polymer compound according to claim 1, wherein Ar2 is selected from the group consisting of:
16. The co-polymer compound according to claim 1, wherein Ar2 is selected from the group consisting of: