1. A method, comprising:
defining a marking area at a surface of a substrate;
configuring a first laser operation to enable resurfacing of the substrate surface;
scanning a laser configured for the first laser operation throughout the marking area, resurfacing the marking area of the substrate surface;
configuring a second laser operation to enable forming a mark; and
scanning a laser configured for the second laser operation throughout those portions of the marking area corresponding to the mark and disposing the mark at the marking area.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein configuring the first laser operation comprises configuring a laser for high speed, low power scanning.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the laser of the first laser operation is a Nd:YAG laser.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is metallic.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is an integral heat spreader.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein resurfacing the substrate surface comprises substantially melting microtopographical features in the marking area, and depositing the molten material to form a substantially smoother surface in the marking area.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the marking area has a greater reflectivity relative to portions of the substrate surface outside the marking area following the first laser operation.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the mark comprises laser engraving to a defined depth into the nominal surface plane of the marking area.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the mark appears relatively white when exposed to approximately the entire visible spectrum of light energy.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the mark is at least one selected from the group consisting of alphabetic characters, numeric characters, symbols representing at least one of alphabetic and numeric characters, and symbols with independent significance.
11. The method of claim 1, further comprising reading the mark with an optoelectronic imaging system.
12. The method of claim 1, further comprising disposing the substrate adjacent to an integrated circuit device as part of an integrated circuit package.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein configuring the second laser operation further comprises disposing a thermally reactive material at or near the marking surface, the thermally reactive material being capable of reacting to exposure to laser energy by imbuing a mark with coloration characteristics.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A water current energy converter comprising:
a rotatable central shaft at least a portion of which is supported and submerged below the surface of a body of water;
a water current responsive device attached to the submerged portion of the shaft for causing the shaft to rotate as a function of water current flow; said water current responsive device including a multiplicity of curved horn shaped devices connected to the rotatable shaft, each horn shaped device having a large area input end oriented to capture water current flow and having a relatively small area output end out of which water can flow, said curved horn shaped devices being propelled by said current flow to convert the water flow into a generally rotary motion for causing rotation of said rotatable central shaft; and
an electrical generator coupled to the rotatable central shaft for producing electric energy as a function of the rotation of the central shaft.
2. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 1, wherein said water flow responsive device includes a plurality of arms attached to the portion of the vertically oriented shaft located below the water surface; said plurality of arms extending outwardly from the shaft below the surface of the water; and said multiplicity of curved horn shaped devices being connected to said plurality of arms for causing rotation of said rotatable vertically oriented shaft; and wherein said shaft is mechanically coupled to said electrical generator.
3. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 2 wherein said curved horn shaped devices are positioned along their associated arms and are oriented such that their input ends are adapted to be filled with, and pushed by, the water current flow, whereby the arms carrying them travel in a generally horizontal circular path.
4. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 3 wherein the arms extend in a generally perpendicular direction to the shaft and are supported by bracing diagonal struts connected between the shaft and the arms to maintain the arms steady.
5. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 4 wherein there is one set of arms at one level along the shaft and another set of arms at another level along the shaft and wherein at least one horn shaped device is connected to each arm.
6. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 1 wherein said rotatable central shaft extends vertically above and below the surface of said body of water; and
wherein the water flow responsive device is attached to the submerged portion of the central shaft for causing the shaft to rotate as a function of water current flow; and
wherein the electric generator is coupled to the portion of the shaft extending above the water surface for producing electric energy as a function of the rotation of the shaft, and said electric generator being held above the water surface.
7. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 6 wherein the central shaft is connected to a platform floating along the surface of the body of water; and wherein the electric generator is mounted above the platform.
8. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 7 wherein the platform is a boat, a pier, a wharf, a raft or a barge.
9. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the central shaft is coupled via a gearing arrangement to the electric generator to increase the rotational speed of the generator.
10. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 7 wherein the central shaft is connected to the platform so as to support the shaft and limit horizontal and vertical movement of the central shaft, while leaving it free to rotate.
11. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 10 wherein the central shaft is supported and held in place by a structural supporting system depending from the platform for causing the shaft to move in tandem with the platform while being free to rotate.
12. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 7 wherein the central shaft is connected to the platform so its horizontal spacing relative to the platform is held fixed, and wherein the submerged portion of the central shaft is supported from the bottom of the body of water.
13. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 6 wherein the central shaft is connected to a platform so its horizontal displacement relative to the platform is held fixed and wherein the central shaft drives a first electric generator mounted on the platform and further including a wind turbine mounted above the platform for driving a second electric generator; and means for combining the outputs of the first and second electric generators.
14. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 6 wherein the central shaft is connected to an inner or outer surface of a platform to support the central shaft and limit its horizontal and vertical displacement while allowing it to rotate freely.
15. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 1, wherein each curved horn shaped device has a cross section with: (a) an outer edge which defines a relatively thin edge and from which upper and lower surfaces expand upward and downward, and (b) an inner edge which defines a relatively thin edge and from which the upper and lower surfaces expand upward and downward.
16. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 1, wherein each curved horn shaped device has a cross section with: (a) an outer edge which defines a relatively thin edge and from which upper and lower surfaces expand upward and downward, and (b) an inner edge which defines a relatively thick edge of selected height orthogonal to the direction of the cross section for providing a surface responsive to water current flow.
17. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 1 wherein said rotatable central shaft extends vertically, generally perpendicular to the bed of the body of water, and wherein the electric generator is a waterproof submersible device coupled to the portion of the shaft extending below the water surface for producing electric energy as a function of the rotation of the shaft.
18. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 1 wherein said rotatable central shaft extends horizontally, generally parallel to the bed of the body of water, and wherein the electric generator is a waterproof submersible device coupled to the portion of the shaft extending below the water surface for producing electric energy as a function of the rotation of the shaft.
19. A water current energy converter comprising:
a rotatable vertically oriented shaft extending above and below the surface of a body of water;
a water flow responsive device attached to the portion of the shaft extending below the water surface for causing the shaft to rotate as a function of water current flow; and
an electric generator coupled to the portion of the shaft extending above the water surface for producing electric power as a function of the rotation of the shaft, and said electric generator being held above the water surface.
20. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 19, wherein said water flow responsive device includes a plurality of arms attached to the portion of the vertically oriented shaft located below the water surface and extending outwardly from the shaft below the surface of the water; and a multiplicity of curved horn shaped devices connected to said plurality of arms, each horn shaped device having an input end into which water can flow and having an output end out of which water can flow, the area of the output end being a small fraction of the area at the input end; and said horn shaped devices being propelled by said current flow to convert the water flow into a generally horizontal rotary motion for causing rotation of said rotatable vertically oriented shaft; and wherein said shaft is mechanically connected to said electrical generator.
21. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 20 wherein said horn shaped devices are positioned along their associated arms and are oriented such that their input ends are adapted to be filled with, and pushed by, the water current flow, whereby the arms carrying them travel in a generally horizontal circular path.
22. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 20 wherein the central shaft is connected to a platform floating along the surface of the body of water;
and wherein the electric generator is mounted above the platform.
23. A water current energy converter as claimed in claim 22 wherein the vertical positioning of the central shaft is maintained by a structural supporting system depending from the platform for causing the shaft to move in tandem with the platform while being free to rotate.
24. A water current energy converter comprising:
a rotatable central shaft at least a portion of which is submerged below the surface of a body of water;
a water flow responsive device attached to the submerged portion of the shaft for causing the shaft to rotate as a function of water current flow; said water flow responsive device including a plurality of arms extending outwardly and in a general orthogonal direction relative to the shaft, and multiplicity of curved horn shaped devices connected to said plurality of arms, each horn shaped device having an input end into which water can flow and having an output end out of which water can flow, the area of the output end being a small fraction of the area at the input end; and said horn shaped devices being propelled by said current flow to convert the water flow into a generally horizontal rotary motion for causing rotation of said rotatable central shaft; and
an electrical generator coupled to the rotatable central shaft for producing electric energy as a function of the rotation of the central shaft.