1. A liquid crystal display comprising:
a substrate;
a pixel electrode comprising a partial plate electrode and a plurality of branch electrodes extending from the partial plate electrode and disposed on the substrate; and
a step provider disposed between the substrate and the pixel electrode,
wherein the step provider comprises a cross-shaped protrusion.
2. The liquid crystal display of claim 1,
further comprising an insulator disposed between the substrate and the pixel electrode,
wherein the cross-shaped protrusion and the insulator are formed in the same layer.
3. The liquid crystal display of claim 2, wherein
the cross shaped protrusion is made of the same material as the insulator.
4. The liquid crystal display of claim 3, wherein
the step provider further comprises a step providing groove sharing a side surface with the cross-shaped protrusion.
5. The liquid crystal display of claim 4, wherein
the partial plate electrode covers the step providing groove.
6. The liquid crystal display of claim 5, wherein
the step providing groove has a depth of more than 3000 \u212b.
7. The liquid crystal display of claim 6, wherein
the step providing groove comprises a tapered side wall.
8. The liquid crystal display of claim 7, wherein
a shape of the partial plate electrode corresponds to a shape of the step providing groove.
9. The liquid crystal display of claim 8, wherein
the partial plate electrode has a polygonal shape or a circular shape.
10. The liquid crystal display of claim 9, wherein
the branch electrode is connected to the partial plate electrode at an angle.
11. The liquid crystal display of claim 10, wherein
one edge of the partial plate electrode and the branch electrode form an angle in a range of 90\xb115 degrees.
12. The liquid crystal display of claim 10, wherein
a color filter is disposed between the substrate and the insulator.
13. The liquid crystal display of claim 12, further comprising:
an opposing substrate facing the substrate; and
a liquid crystal layer disposed between the substrate and the opposing substrate; and
an alignment layer disposed between the liquid crystal layer and at least one of the substrate and the opposing substrate, and
at least one of the liquid crystal layer and the alignment layer comprises a pretilt providing polymer that is polymerized by light.
14. The liquid crystal display of claim 13, wherein
the partial plate electrode has a larger width in a horizontal direction than the width in a vertical direction.
15. The liquid crystal display of claim 13, wherein
the pixel electrode comprises a first sub-pixel electrode and a second sub-pixel electrode,
wherein the first sub-pixel electrode and the second sub-pixel electrode respectively comprise a partial plate electrode and a plurality of branch electrodes extending from the partial plate electrode, and
wherein the step provider comprises the step providing groove corresponding to the partial plate electrode and the cross-shaped protrusion.
16. The liquid crystal display of claim 15, wherein
the partial plate electrode contacts at least one side of the first sub-pixel electrode or the second sub-pixel electrode.
17. The liquid crystal display of claim 15, wherein
the partial plate electrode has a larger width in the horizontal direction than the width in the vertical direction.
18. The liquid crystal display of claim 15, wherein
at least one of the first sub-pixel electrode and the second sub-pixel electrode has a larger width in the vertical direction than the width in the horizontal direction.
19. The liquid crystal display of claim 6, wherein
the step providing groove comprises an inclined lower surface, and the lower surface is integrally formed with one side surface and is inclined with a slope.
20. The liquid crystal display of claim 19, wherein
a shape of the partial plate electrode corresponds to the shape of the step providing groove.
21. The liquid crystal display of claim 20, wherein
the partial plate electrode has a polygonal shape or a circular shape.
22. The liquid crystal display of claim 21, wherein
the branch electrode is connected to the partial plate electrode at an angle.
23. The liquid crystal display of claim 22, further comprising:
an opposing substrate facing the substrate;
a liquid crystal layer disposed between the substrate and the opposing substrate;
an alignment layer disposed between the liquid crystal layer and at least one of the substrate and the opposing substrate,
wherein the liquid crystal layer and the alignment layer do not comprise a pretilt providing polymer that is polymerized by,
the partial plate electrode has an octagonal shape, and
the color filter is not formed between the substrate and the pixel electrode.
24. The liquid crystal display of claim 23, wherein
one edge of the partial plate electrode and the branch electrodes form an angle in a range of 90\xb115 degrees.
25. The liquid crystal display of claim 23, wherein
the color filter is disposed between the substrate and the insulator.
26. The liquid crystal display of claim 22, further comprising:
an opposing substrate facing the substrate;
a liquid crystal layer disposed between the substrate and the opposing substrate; and
an alignment layer disposed between the liquid crystal layer and at least one of the substrate and the opposing substrate,
wherein at least one of the liquid crystal layer and the alignment layer comprises a pretilt providing polymer that is polymerized by light.
27. The liquid crystal display of claim 26, wherein
the partial plate electrode has a larger width in the horizontal direction than the width in the vertical direction.
28. The liquid crystal display of claim 26, wherein
the pixel electrode comprises a first sub-pixel electrode and a second sub-pixel electrode,
the first sub-pixel electrode and the second sub-pixel electrode respectively comprise the partial plate electrode and a plurality of branch electrodes extending from the partial plate electrode, and
the step provider comprises a step providing groove corresponding to the partial plate electrode and the cross-shaped protrusion step provider.
29. The liquid crystal display of claim 28, wherein
the partial plate electrode is configured to contact at least one side of the first sub-pixel electrode or the second sub-pixel electrode.
30. The liquid crystal display of claim 28, wherein
the partial plate electrode has a larger width in the horizontal direction than the width in the vertical direction.
31. The liquid crystal display of claim 28, wherein
at least one of the first sub-pixel electrode and the second sub-pixel electrode has a larger width in the vertical direction than the width in the horizontal direction.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A system for improving a signal intelligibility over an interference signal, the system comprising:
a first input for receiving an information signal including a signal-of-interest possibly contaminated with environmental noise;
a second input for receiving an interference signal including the environmental noise, the second input being capable of receiving the interference signal on a continuous basis regardless of whether the signal-of-interest is present or absent;
an analysis filterbank for receiving the information signal through the first input and transforming the information signal in the time domain into a plurality of sub-band information signals in the transform domain;
a signal processor for receiving and processing the sub-band information signals output from the analysis filterbank and the interference signal received through the second input on a continuous basis, the signal processor including a psychoacoustic processor for computing a dynamic range using a psychoacoustic model to render the sub-band information signal audible over the interference signal, and
a synthesis filterbank for combining the audible sub-band information signals output from the signal processor to generate an output signal having the signal-of-interest with improved signal intelligibility.
2. The system as claimed in claim 1 further comprising an analysis filterbank for transforming the interference signal in the time domain into a plurality of sub-band interference signals in the transform domain.
3. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the signal processor further comprises a compressor for implementing dynamic range compression on the sub-band information signals based on the dynamic range parameters supplied by the psychoacoustic processor.
4. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the signal processor further comprises a circuit for expanding the dynamic range for a predetermined level of the signal-of-interest to render the environmental noise inaudible.
5. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the psychoacoustic processor processes input signals to perform a low-level expansion such that a user who receives the output signal perceives less noise.
6. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the psychoacoustic processor computes the dynamic range based on a Loudness Discomfort Level (LDL) so as to render the output signal at a loudness comfort level.
7. The system as claimed in claim 6 further comprising a persistent data storage apparatus for storing the LDL for each user who receives the output signal.
8. The system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the psychoacoustic processor computes the dynamic range so as to protect a user who receives the output signal.
9. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein a sensitivity of the signal processing in the signal processor is adjustable.
10. The system as claimed in claim 9 further comprising a memory for storing a parameter for each user who receives the output signal for controlling the sensitivity of the signal processing.
11. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the signal processor further comprises a circuit to adjust a volume of the output signal.
12. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the signal processor further comprises a noise estimation circuit for estimating a spectrum of the environmental signal, the spectrum being supplied to the psychoacoustic model.
13. The system as claimed in claim 12, wherein the noise estimation circuit performs an adaptive noise estimation.
14. The system as claimed in claim 12, wherein the noise estimation circuit performs a noise estimation by spectral differencing technique.
15. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the signal processor further comprises a noise estimation circuit for estimating a spectrum of the environmental noise, and a desired digital signal activity detector (DSAD) for controlling the noise estimation circuit such that the spectrum is sampled when the signal-of-interest is absent.
16. The system as claimed in claim 15 further comprising a front-end processor for improving the intelligibility of the output signal.
17. The system as claimed in claim 16, wherein the front-end processor includes a circuit for performing a directional processing algorithm to provide a noise estimation.
18. The system as claimed in claim 16, wherein the front-end processor includes a circuit for reducing the environmental noise.
19. The system as claimed in claim 1 further comprising an Active Nose Cancellation (ANC) circuit for actively canceling the environmental noise by feed-backing a result of the signal processing to the signal processor.
20. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the interference signal comprises the environmental noise contaminated with the signal-of-interest.
21. The system as claimed in claim 20 further comprising an adaptive correlator for outputting an estimate of the environmental noise based on the information signal and the interference signal.
22. The system as claimed in claim 20, wherein the signal processor further comprises a desired digital signal active detector (DSAD) for controlling the noise estimation.
23. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the signal processor comprises a noise estimation circuit for performing an estimate of the environmental noise by subtracting the sub-band information signals from the sub-band interference signals, the estimate being supplied to the psychoacoustic model.
24. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the analysis filterbank and the synthesis filterbank are implemented by oversampled filterbanks.
25. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the analysis filterbank for the information signal and the analysis filterbank for the interference signal are implemented by oversampled filterbank.
26. A method of improving signal intelligibility over an interference signal, the method comprising:
at a first input, receiving an information signal including a signal-of-interest possibly contaminated with environmental noise;
at a second input, receiving an interference signal including the environmental noise, the second input being capable of receiving the interference signal on a continuous basis regardless of whether the signal-of-interest is present or absent;
at an analysis filterbank, transforming the information signal from the time domain into a plurality of sub-band information signals in the transform domain;
at a signal processor, processing the sub-band information signals and the interference signal on a continuous basis, including the step of computing a dynamic range using a psychoacoustic model to render the sub-band information signal audible over the interference signal, and
at a synthesis filterbank, combining the audible sub-band information signals to generate an output signal having the signal-of-interest with improved signal intelligibility.
27. A method as claimed in claim 26 further comprising:
estimating a spectrum of the environmental signal; and
supplying the spectrum to the psychoacoustic model.
28. A method as claimed in claim 26 further comprising:
estimating a spectrum of the environmental signal; and
controlling the estimating step such that the spectrum is sampled when the signal-of-interest is absent.
29. A method as claimed in claim 26 further comprising:
feed-backing a result of the signal processing to the signal processor to actively cancelling the environmental signal.