1. A composition, comprising:
5 to 91 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer reaction product comprising a first poly(phenylene ether) and a poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer;
4 to 25 weight percent of a flame retardant comprising an organophosphate ester, a phosphazene, or a combination thereof;
5 to 40 weight percent of a reinforcing filler; and
3 to 6 weight percent of an impact modifier selected from the group consisting of rubber-modified polystyrenes, unhydrogenated block copolymers of an alkenyl aromatic monomer and a conjugated diene, hydrogenated block copolymers of an alkenyl aromatic monomer and a conjugated diene, acrylate core-shell impact modifiers, and combinations thereof;
wherein all weight percents are based on the total weight of the composition.
2. The composition of claim 1, exhibiting
a flammability rating of V-0 at a sample thickness less than or equal to 1.5 millimeters in the 20 millimeter Vertical Burning Flame Test of Underwriter’s Laboratory Bulletin 94 \u201cTests for Flammability of Plastic Materials, UL 94\u201d,
a heat deflection temperature of at least 110\xb0 C. determined according to ASTM D 648-07 using a stress of 1.82 megapascals (MPa) and a sample thickness of 6.4 millimeters, and
a flexural modulus of at least 3,500 megapascals measured at 23\xb0 C. according to ASTM D 790-07e1 using a sample thickness of 6.4 millimeters.
3. The composition of claim 1, further comprising 5 to 86 weight percent of a second poly(phenylene ether).
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer comprises a poly(phenylene ether) block comprising phenylene ether repeating units having the structure
and
a polysiloxane block having the structure
wherein n is 30 to 60.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer contributes 0.25 to 5 weight percent of polysiloxane to the composition.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant comprises an organophosphate ester.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the flame retardant comprises a phosphazene.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing filler is selected from the group consisting of glass fibers, carbon fibers, wollastonite, halloysite, clays, talcs, micas, glass flakes, solid glass beads, hollow glass beads, solid ceramic beads, hollow ceramic beads, and combinations thereof.
9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing filler comprises glass fibers.
10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the reinforcing filler consists of glass fibers.
11. The composition of claim 1, comprising the impact modifier; wherein the impact modifier is selected from the group consisting of rubber-modified polystyrenes, unhydrogenated block copolymers of an alkenyl aromatic monomer and a conjugated diene, acrylate core-shell impact modifiers, and combinations thereof.
12. The composition of claim 1, comprising 0 to 1 weight percent of each of polyamides and polyesters.
13. The composition of claim 1,
wherein the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer comprises a poly(phenylene ether) block comprising phenylene ether repeating units having the structure
and
a polysiloxane block having the structure
wherein n is 30 to 60;
wherein the composition comprises 5 to 15 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer reaction product;
wherein the composition further comprises 47 to 67 weight percent of a second poly(phenylene ether) comprising a homopolymer of 2,6-dimethylphenol;
wherein the flame retardant comprises an organophosphate ester;
wherein the composition comprises 6 to 14 weight percent of the flame retardant;
wherein the reinforcing filler comprises glass fibers;
wherein the composition comprises 10 to 30 weight percent of the reinforcing filler;
wherein the composition comprises the impact modifier, and the impact modifier is a polystyrene-poly(ethylene-butylene)-polystyrene triblock copolymer; and
wherein the composition comprises 0 to 1 weight percent of each of polyamides and polyesters.
14. The composition of claim 13, wherein the composition comprises 15 to 25 weight percent of the reinforcing filler.
15. An article comprising a composition, comprising:
5 to 91 weight percent of a poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer reaction product comprising a first poly(phenylene ether) and a poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer;
4 to 25 weight percent of a flame retardant comprising an organophosphate ester, a phosphazene, or a combination thereof;
5 to 40 weight percent of a reinforcing filler; and
3 to 6 weight percent of an impact modifier selected from the group consisting of rubber-modified polystyrenes, unhydrogenated block copolymers of an alkenyl aromatic monomer and a conjugated diene, hydrogenated block copolymers of an alkenyl aromatic monomer and a conjugated diene, acrylate core-shell impact modifiers, and combinations thereof;
wherein all weight percents are based on the total weight of the composition.
16. The article of claim 15, wherein the article is selected from the group consisting of electrophotographic copier parts, photovoltaic junction boxes and connectors, inverter housings, automotive electrical connectors, electrical relays, and charge couplers.
17. The article of claim 15, wherein the article is a fuser holder for an electrophotographic copier.
18. The article of claim 15,
wherein the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer comprises a poly(phenylene ether) block comprising phenylene ether repeating units having the structure
and
a polysiloxane block having the structure
wherein n is 30 to 60;
wherein the composition comprises 5 to 15 weight percent of the poly(phenylene ether)-polysiloxane block copolymer reaction product;
wherein the composition further comprises 47 to 67 weight percent of a second poly(phenylene ether) comprising a homopolymer of 2,6-dimethylphenol;
wherein the flame retardant comprises an organophosphate ester;
wherein the composition comprises 6 to 14 weight percent of the flame retardant;
wherein the reinforcing filler comprises glass fibers;
wherein the composition comprises 10 to 30 weight percent of the reinforcing filler;
wherein the composition comprises the impact modifier, and the impact modifier is a polystyrene-poly(ethylene-butylene)-polystyrene triblock copolymer; and
wherein the composition comprises 0 to 1 weight percent of each of polyamides and polyesters.
19. The article of claim 18, wherein the composition comprises 15 to 25 weight percent of the reinforcing filler.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of operating a construction machine, the construction machine having a machine frame, a working drum supported from the machine frame, a combustion engine supported from the machine frame, a drive train connecting the combustion engine and the working drum, the drive train including a clutch, the clutch including a drive side including at least one drive side clutch element and an output side including at least one output side clutch element operably engageable with the at least one drive side clutch element, the method comprising:
(a) transferring a load torque from the engine to the working drum during a working mode when the working drum is working a ground surface;
(b) transferring a drag torque from the engine to the working drum during a non-working mode when the working drum is rotating but not working a ground surface; and
(c) during engagement of the clutch, transmitting a braking torque between the output side of the clutch and the drive side of the clutch without passing the braking torque through the operably engaged clutch elements, the braking torque being smaller than the load torque and larger than the drag torque.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the at least one drive side clutch element or the at least one output side clutch element includes an axially fixed part and an axially slidable part engaged with one another via a mechanical coupling having rotational play between the axial fixed and axially slidable parts about a rotational axis of the clutch, and in step (c) the braking torque eliminates or reduces relative rotational motion between the axially fixed part and the axially slidable part caused by the rotational play between the axially fixed part and the axially slidable part.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the clutch includes an annular flange elastic in axial direction and connected to either the drive side or the output side of the clutch, the other of the drive side or the output side of the clutch includes an axial resting surface, and step (c) further comprises frictionally engaging the annular flange with the axial resting surface to transmit the braking torque.
4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:
engaging the clutch by axially moving the at least one output side clutch element with a hydraulic piston, and wherein the movement of the hydraulic piston also engages the annular flange with the axial resting surface.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the clutch includes a plurality of radially acting brake linings, and step (c) further comprises using centrifugal forces acting on the radially acting brake linings during rotation of the clutch to transmit the braking torque.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
engaging the clutch by axially moving the at least one output side clutch element with a hydraulic piston.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein:
in step (c) the braking torque is transmitted via an electromagnetic force.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein:
in step (c) the braking torque is transmitted via an eddy current force.
9. A method of operating a construction machine, the construction machine including:
a machine frame;
a working drum supported from the machine frame;
a combustion engine supported from the machine frame; and
a drive train connecting the combustion engine and the working drum so that the combustion engine drives the working drum, the drive train including a drive shaft, an output shaft and a clutch arranged between the drive shaft and the output shaft, the clutch including:
a drive side including at least one drive side clutch element;
an output side including at least one output side clutch element operably engageable with the at least one drive side clutch element to rotationally couple the drive shaft and the output shaft;
wherein the at least one drive side clutch element or the at least one output side clutch element includes an axially fixed part and an axially slidable part engaged with one another via a mechanical coupling having rotational play between the axial fixed and axially slidable parts about a rotational axis of the drive shaft;
the method comprising the steps of:
transmitting via a clutch brake a frictional rotating force between the drive side and the output side without passing the frictional rotating force through the operably engaged clutch elements, and thereby reducing relative rotational motion between the axially fixed part and the axially slidable part caused by the rotational play between the axially fixed part and the axially slidable part.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising:
transferring a load torque from the engine to the working drum during a working mode when the working drum is working a ground surface;
transferring a drag torque from the engine to the working drum during a non-working mode when the working drum is rotating but not working a ground surface; and
wherein the frictional rotational coupling force provided by the clutch brake during the transmitting step is such that a braking torque transferred from the output shaft to the drive shaft via the clutch brake is smaller than the load torque and larger than the drag torque.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein:
the frictional rotational coupling force provided by the clutch brake is such that a braking torque transferred between the output shaft and the drive shaft via the clutch brake is smaller than a maximum torque in a first rotational direction transferred from the drive shaft to the output shaft to rotate the working drum when the working drum is engaging a ground surface, and the braking torque is larger than any torque transferred from the output shaft back to the drive shaft in a second rotational direction opposite the first rotational direction due to rotational vibration of the drive train.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein:
the frictional rotational coupling force provided by the clutch brake is such that a braking torque required to overcome the frictional rotational coupling force to rotationally move the axially fixed part relative to the axially slidable part within the rotational play therebetween is larger than a maximum torque transferred from the drive shaft to the output shaft to rotate the working drum when the working drum is in non-load operation not engaging a ground surface.
13. The method of claim 9, wherein:
the frictional rotational coupling force provided by the clutch brake couples the axially fixed part and the axially slidable part sufficiently to eliminate the rotational play therebetween at least in the rotational direction of load transfer from the drive shaft to the output shaft.
14. The method of claim 9, wherein:
the clutch brake includes an annular flange elastic in axial direction and connected to either the drive side or the output side of the clutch, the other of the drive side or the output side of the clutch includes an axial resting surface, and the transmitting step further comprises frictionally engaging the annular flange with the axial resting surface to transmit the frictional rotating force.
15. The method of claim 14, further comprising:
engaging the clutch by axially moving the at least one output side clutch element with a hydraulic piston, and wherein the movement of the hydraulic piston also engages the annular flange with the axial resting surface.
16. The method of claim 9, wherein:
the clutch includes a plurality of radially acting brake linings, and the transmitting step further comprises using centrifugal forces acting on the radially acting brake linings during rotation of the clutch to transmit the frictional rotating force.
17. A construction machine, comprising:
a machine frame;
a working drum supported from the machine frame;
a combustion engine supported from the machine frame; and
a drive train connecting the combustion engine and the working drum so that the combustion engine drives the working drum, the drive train including a drive shaft, an output shaft and a clutch arranged between the drive shaft and the output shaft, the clutch including:
a drive side including at least one drive side clutch element;
an output side including at least one output side clutch element operably engageable with the at least one drive side clutch element to rotationally couple the drive shaft and the output shaft;
wherein the at least one drive side clutch element or the at least one output side clutch element includes an axially fixed part and an axially slidable part engaged with one another via a mechanical coupling having rotational play between the axial fixed and axially slidable parts about a rotational axis of the drive shaft; and
wherein the drive train further includes an electromagnetic clutch brake operable during engagement of the clutch to provide a rotational coupling force between the drive side and the output side to eliminate or reduce relative rotational motion between the axially fixed part and the axially slidable part caused by the rotational play between the axially fixed part and the axially slidable part, the clutch brake being separate from the clutch elements so that the rotational coupling force of the clutch brake is transmitted between the drive side and the output side without passing through the operably engaged clutch elements.
18. A construction machine, comprising:
a machine frame;
a working drum supported from the machine frame;
a combustion engine supported from the machine frame; and
a drive train connecting the combustion engine and the working drum so that the combustion engine drives the working drum, the drive train including a drive shaft, an output shaft and a clutch arranged between the drive shaft and the output shaft, the clutch including:
a drive side including at least one drive side clutch element;
an output side including at least one output side clutch element operably engageable with the at least one drive side clutch element to rotationally couple the drive shaft and the output shaft;
wherein the at least one drive side clutch element or the at least one output side clutch element includes an axially fixed part and an axially slidable part engaged with one another via a mechanical coupling having rotational play between the axial fixed and axially slidable parts about a rotational axis of the drive shaft; and
wherein the drive train further includes an eddy current clutch brake operable during engagement of the clutch to provide a rotational coupling force between the drive side and the output side to eliminate or reduce relative rotational motion between the axially fixed part and the axially slidable part caused by the rotational play between the axially fixed part and the axially slidable part, the clutch brake being separate from the clutch elements so that the rotational coupling force of the clutch brake is transmitted between the drive side and the output side without passing through the operably engaged clutch elements.