1. A method of mass spectrometry comprising:
reacting or fragmenting positively charged analyte ions with negatively charged reagent ions within an electron transfer dissociation reaction or fragmentation device including a plurality of electrodes to form fragment or product ions;
arranging the analyte ions or reagent ions or fragment or product ions to assume a mean kinetic energy of <70 meV; and
transmitting the fragment or product ions to an axial or orthogonal acceleration time of flight mass analyzer arranged to receive ions from the electron transfer dissociation reaction or fragmentation device in order to be mass analyzed.
2. The method of mass spectrometry according to claim 1 further comprising arranging the analyte ions or reagent ions or fragment or product ions to assume a mean kinetic energy of <60 meV within the electron transfer dissociation device.
3. The method of mass spectrometer according to claim 1 further comprising arranging the analyte ions or reagent ions or fragment ions or product ions to assume a mean kinetic energy of <50 meV.
4. The method of mass spectrometry according to claim 1 further comprising arranging the analyte ions or reagent ions or fragment or product ions to assume a mean kinetic energy of <40 meV.
5. The method of mass spectrometry according to claim 1 further comprising arranging the analyte ions or reagent ions or fragment or product ions to assume a mean kinetic energy of <5 meV.
6. The method of mass spectrometry according to claim 1 further comprising arranging the analyte ions or reagent ions or fragment or product ions to assume a mean kinetic energy of between 5 meV and 40 meV.
7. An electron transfer dissociation device, a proton transfer reaction device or an ion-ion interaction device comprising a plurality or electrodes each having an aperture through which ions are transmitted in use and wherein in a mode of operation the ions are confined radially or axially within said device and a substantially electric field free region is formed within at least 5% of a volume defined by internal diameters of said plurality of electrodes.
8. The electron transfer dissociation device, the proton transfer reaction device or ion-ion interaction device of claim 7 wherein the substantially electric field free region is formed within at least 50% of the volume defined by the internal diameters of said plurality of electrodes.
9. The electron transfer dissociation device, the proton transfer reaction device or ion-ion interaction device of claim 7 wherein the substantially electric field free region is formed within at least 90% of the volume defined by the internal diameters of said plurality of electrodes.
10. A method of electron transfer dissociation, proton transfer reaction or ion-ion interaction comprising:
confining ions radially or axially within a device having a plurality of electrodes each having aperture through which the ions are transmitted; and
forming a substantially electric field free region within at least 5% of a volume defined by internal diameters of said plurality of electrodes.
11. The method according to claim 10 wherein the forming of the substantially electric field free region is conducted within 50% of the volume defined by the internal diameters of said plurality of electrodes.
12. The method according to claim 10 wherein the forming of the substantially electric field free region is conducted within 90% of the volume defined by the internal diameters of said plurality of electrodes.
13. An electron transfer dissociation reaction or fragmentation device or a proton transfer reaction or fragmentation device comprising a plurality of electrodes, wherein said device comprises at least five electrodes each having at least one aperture through which ions are transmitted in use, and further comprising:
a transient DC voltage supply arranged and adapted to apply one or more transient DC voltages or one or more transient DC voltage waveforms to at least some of said plurality of electrodes in order to drive at least some ions along a length of said device.
14. The device of claim 13, further comprising a controller arranged and adapted to vary an amplitude of said one or more transient DC voltages or said one or more transient DC voltage waveforms with time.
15. The device of claim 13, further comprising a controller arranged and adapted to vary a velocity of said one or more transient DC voltages or said one or more transient DC voltage waveforms with time.
16. A method of reacting or fragmenting ions by electron transfer dissociation or proton transfer fragmentation, comprising:
providing a reaction or fragmentation device comprising a plurality of electrodes, wherein said device comprises at least five electrodes each having at least one aperture;
transmitting ions through the at least five electrodes;
reacting or fragmenting ions with reagent ions to form fragment or product ions with said device; and
applying one or more transient DC voltages or one or more transient DC voltage waveforms to at least some of said plurality of electrodes in order to drive at least some ions along the length of said device.
17. The method of claim 16, further comprising varying an amplitude of said one or more transient DC voltages or said one or more transient DC voltage waveforms with time.
18. The method of claim 16, further comprising varying a velocity of said one or more transient DC voltages or said one or more transient DC voltage waveforms with time.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A composite armor structure for military and civilian use for absorbing and reducing impact energy from kinetic energy threats and chemical energy threats, said composite armor structure comprising:
A composite material comprising fiber reinforced cementitious composite material which encapsulates armor-grade material comprising ceramic, glass, glass-ceramic and sintered refractory material.
2. A composite armor structure according to claim 1 wherein said fiber reinforced cementitious composite material comprises fiber reinforced concretes, fiber reinforced mortars, very high strength concretes, hybrid fiber reinforced cementitious composites, ductile fiber reinforced cementitious composites, ultra ductile fiber reinforced cementitious composites, high performance\u2014strain hardening cementitious composites, ultra high performance\u2014strain hardening cementitious composites, engineered cementitious composites and high strength\u2014high ductility concrete.
3. A composite armor structure according to claim 1 wherein said armor-grade ceramic material comprises Oxide ceramics, including alumina, zirconia, silica, aluminum silicate, magnesia, aluminum titanate and other metal oxide based materials, Non-oxide ceramics, including carbides, borides, nitrides and silicides, and Composite ceramics, including particulate reinforced ceramics, fiber-reinforced ceramics, ceramic-metal composite materials and nano-ceramics.
4. A composite armor structure according to claim 1 wherein said armor-grade material are arranged in a spacious pattern, in different shapes, sizes and thicknesses, and in different configurations and combinations.
5. A composite armor structure according to claim 1 wherein said fiber reinforced cementitious composite material are being configured to pre-stress said armor-grade material.
6. A composite armor structure according to claim 1 wherein said armor-grade material is grinded and ungrinded.
7. A composite armor structure according to claim 1 wherein said fiber reinforced cementitious composite material and said armor-grade material are fastened to each other.
8. A composite armor structure according to claim 7 wherein said fiber reinforced cementitious composite material are fastened to said armor-grade material by coating, gluing and fastener.