1. A compound selected from the group consisting of:
a) compounds of formula
wherein R is H or a straight chain, branched, or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl group, or aralkyl group, having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or R is a fragment of linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl or aralkyl polyhydric alcohol having from 2 to 6 oxygen atoms, and wherein the dashed bond in the ring is double or single,
and wherein X is OH connected to the carbon atom of the ring by a single bond, or
X is an oxygen atom connected to the ring by a double bond,
with the proviso that if R\u2550H, at least one dashed bond is single;
b) compounds of formula:
wherein the dashed bond is double or single;
c) compound of formula:
d) compounds of formula:
wherein R1 and R2 are each independently hydrogen or a straight chain, branched, or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl group, or aralkyl group, having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or wherein R1 and R2 form a cycloalkane or a cycloalkene having a ring comprising from 5 to 10 carbon atoms;
e) compounds of formula:
wherein Y is a hydrogen, hydroxyl, or \u2014OR group, and R is defined as in (a);
f) compounds of formula:
wherein R is defined in (a), and R\u2032 is selected independently from H, straight chain, branched, or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl group, or aralkyl group, having 1 to 10 carbon atoms;
g) compound of formula:
h) compounds of formula:
wherein R is defined in (a), and wherein any one of the dashed bonds is double and the other one is single, and wherein the wiggled bond has E or Z configuration;
i) compounds of formula:
wherein R is defined in (a), and wherein any one of the dashed bonds is double and the other two are single.
2. A composition comprising a base material and an olfactorily effective amount of a compound according to claim 1.
3. A method of imparting a fragrance or flavor to a base material comprising combining the base material with an olfactorily effective amount of a compound according to claim 1.
4. A method of making a modified terpenoid compound, said method comprising:
a) providing at least one cyclic terpenoid compound, said terpenoid compound having from about 9 to about 16 carbon atoms, and at least one ring comprising from 3 to 9 carbon atoms optionally including one oxygen atom, and
b) subjecting the cyclic terpenoid compound to biological microbial oxidation thereby forming an oxidized terpenoid compound having at least one carboxyl group, carboxylate anion group, carboxylic ester group, or cyclic ester group, and
c) conducting at least one chemical reaction with the oxidized terpenoid compound prepared according to the step b), said chemical reaction being selected from esterification, trans-esterification, reduction, oxidation, elimination, isomerization, carbon-carbon bond forming reactions, carbon-carbon bond cleaving reactions, and combinations thereof,
with the proviso that
i) at least one of the steps b) or c) cleave at least one bond in the ring of cyclic terpenoid compound provided in step a), and
ii) if step b) comprises intramolecular esterification to form a lactone, then step c) comprises at least two chemical reactions.
thereby forming a modified terpenoid compound having flavor- or fragance-imparting capabilities.
5. A method of claim 4, wherein the cyclic terpenoid compound is selected from the group consisting of camphor, fenchone, fenchyl alcohol, borneol isoborneol, glycosides thereof, and esters thereof with alkanoic or alkenoic, linear, branched, or cyclic carboxylic acids, said acids having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 carboxyl groups.
6. A method of claim 4, wherein the biological microbial oxidation is effected using a microorganism possessing at least one terpene hydroxylase activity or a Baeyer-Villiger type monooxygenase activity with cyclic ketones.
7. A method as claimed in claim 4, comprising:
oxidizing the cyclic terpenoid compound to form an oxidized terpenoid compound selected from the group consisting of 1,2-campholide, 5-hydroxy-1,2-campholide, 3-hydroxy-2,2,3-dimethylcyclopentanylacetic acid, and combinations thereof;
esterifying or transesterifying the oxidized compound with an alcohol to form an ester; and
dehydrating the ester to form an \u03b1-campholenic (2,2,3-trimethylcyclopent-3-enylacetic) acid ester having the formula:
wherein R is a straight chain, branched, or cyclic lower alkyl or alkenyl group, or aralkyl group, having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and wherein any one dashed bond is double and the other is single, and wherein the wiggled bond is in E or Z configuration.
8. A method of claim 4 wherein the microorganism is selected from the group consisting of bacteria, yeast, and fungi.
9. A method of claim 4, wherein the compound having flavor or fragance capabilities is selected from the group consisting of esters of a trimethylcyclopentenenylacetic acid and esters of a trimethylcyclopentadienylacetic acid.
10. A method of claim 4, wherein the oxidized terpene compound is selected from the group consiting 2-keto-4,5,5-trimethyl-cyclopent-3-enylacetic acid, 3-keto-4,5,5-trimethylcyclopentylacetic acid, and salts thereof.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An electrical charging system comprising:
a battery pack comprising:
a housing;
a plurality of lithium-based battery cells each having an individual state of charge;
a charging controller comprising a single unit disposed inside the battery pack and operable to monitor the individual state of charge of at least one of the battery cells and to generate a transmittable charging control signal representative of the individual state of charge of the at least one battery cell; and
at least one terminal operatively coupled to at least one of the battery cells; and
an electrical charging device being operable coupleable to the battery pack to supply power to the battery pack, the electrical charging device comprising:
a first control terminal operably coupleable to the charging controller for receiving the charging control signal from the charging controller;
at least one voltage output terminal operably coupleable to the battery pack terminal; and
a controlled module, wherein the controlled module controls the output of a current with a charging voltage based on the received charging control signal received from the battery pack.
2. An electrical charging system as recited in claim 1, wherein the electrical charging device is a power adapter.
3. An electrical charging system as recited in claim 1, wherein the electrical charging device further comprises an AC to DC converter, and the voltage output terminal of the electrical charging device outputs a DC voltage.
4. An electrical charging system as recited in claim 1, wherein the charging control signal is one of a voltage signal or a current signal.
5. A lithium battery pack for a power tool comprising:
a housing;
a plurality of lithium-based battery cells each having an individual state of charge;
a charging controller consisting of a single unit disposed inside the battery pack and operable to monitor the individual state of charge of at least one battery cell, the charging controller operable to generate a control signal determined by the individual state of charge of the at least one battery cell and inherent information stored therein; and
at least one terminal electrically connectable to a corresponding terminal of a power adapter, wherein the power adapter includes a controlled module directly coupleable to the charging controller to receive the control signal and supply a current with accurate charging voltage to battery packs based upon the received control signal.
6. A lithium battery pack as recited in claim 5, wherein the power adapter has a first control terminal and the battery pack has a second control terminal, the first control terminal being operably coupled with the second control terminal and wherein the charging controller transmits a control signal to the controlled module through the first and the second control terminals.
7. A lithium battery pack as recited in claim 5, wherein the power adapter has a receiver and the battery pack has transmitter and wherein the charging controller transmits a control signal to the controlled module through the transmitter and the controlled module receives the transmitted control signal through the receiver.
8. A lithium battery pack as recited in claim 5, wherein the control signal comprises a charging parameter determined and transmitted to the controlled module by the charging controller based on the state of the plurality of battery cells and on information stored in the battery pack.
9. A lithium battery pack as recited in claim 8, wherein the charging controller includes a sampling circuit for collecting the charging parameter, a battery protection circuit, and a matching network for outputting the control signal to the controlled module.
10. A lithium battery pack as recited in claim 5, wherein the charging controller is operable to monitor the state of each of the plurality of battery cells.
11. A lithium battery pack as recited in claim 5, wherein the inherent information comprises at least one of a nominal voltage of the battery cells, a maximal voltage of the battery cells, or a range of an operable temperature.