1. An impact-modified acrylic composition consisting of a blend of:
a) 30 to 70 weight percent of one or more acrylic copolymer(s) consisting of methyl methacrylate units and 2-16 weight percent of one or more C1-4 alkyl acrylate monomer units, the weight percent based on the total of all acrylic monomer units in the acrylic copolymer,
b) 16-25 weight percent of fluoropolymer;
c) 30 to 70 weight percent of one or more polymeric core-shell impact modifier(s)
wherein the weight percent of a), h), and c) is based on the weight of the impact-modified acrylic composition, and
d) 1.0 to 15 weight percent of one or more additive(s) selected from the group consisting of anti-oxidants, UV absorbers, lubricants, colorants and dyes, the weight percent based on the total weight of the impact-modified acrylic composition,
wherein said composition is a capstock,
the total acrylic composition adding to 100 weight %.
2. The impact-modified acrylic composition of claim 1, wherein said fluoropolymer is polyvinylidene fluoride.
3. A polymer composite comprising a structural polymer having directly adhered thereto an impact-modified acrylic composition capstock layer, consisting of a blend of:
a) 30 to 70 weight percent of one or more acrylic copolymer(s) consisting of methyl methacrylate units and 2-16 weight percent of one or more C1-4 acrylate monomer units, the weight percent based on the total of all acrylic monomer units in the acrylic copolymer, and
b) 16-25 weight percent of fluoropolymer; and
c) 30 to 70 weight percent of one or more polymeric core-shell impact modifiers,
wherein the weight percent of a), b), and c) is based on the total weight of the impact-modified acrylic composition, and
d) 1.0 to 15 weight percent of one or more additives selected from the group consisting of anti-oxidants, UV absorbers, lubricants, colorants and dyes, the weight percent based on the total weight of the impact-modified acrylic composition,
wherein the impact-modified acrylic composition capstock layer has a thickness of from 0.1 to 2.5 mm,
the total composition adding to 100 weight percent.
4. The polymer composite of claim 3, wherein said structural polymer comprises acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene (ABS) copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polycarbonateABS blend, ABSnylon blend, glass reinforced polyester thermosets, or a polycarbonatenylon blend.
5. The polymer composite of claim 4 wherein said polyvinyl chloride structural polymer is selected from the group consisting of a non-foamed polyvinyl chloride, a chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, a foamed polyvinyl chloride, an impact modified polyvinyl chloride, and a wood-polyvinyl chloride composite.
6. A method of retaining and controlling gloss and improving solvent resistance in an impact-modified acrylic composition comprising adding from 16-25 weight percent, based on the weight of the acrylic composition, of one or more fluoropolymers to the acrylic composition; wherein said acrylic composition consists of 30 to 70 weight percent of one or more acrylic copolymer(s), 30 to 70 weight percent of one or more polymeric core-shell impact modifier(s), and 1.0 to 15 weight percent of one or more additives selected from the group consisting of anti-oxidants, UV absorbers, lubricants, colorants and dyes, the weight percent based on total weight of the impact-modified acrylic composition, the total of said acrylic composition adding to 100 weight percent; wherein said acrylic copolymer consists of methyl methacrylate monomer units and 2-16 weight percent of one or more C1-4 acrylate monomer units, the weight percent based on the total of all acrylic monomer units in the acrylic copolymer.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for automatically determining the resistance of the respiratory system of a spontaneously breathing intubated patient, wherein the method is conducted with or without assisted ventilation and includes an occlusion period at the start of inspiration, the method comprising:
inhaling through a breathing apparatus;
blocking a flow through the breathing apparatus at a start of said inhaling, said blocking being performed during the occlusion period;
measuring flow (V\u2032) and airway pressure (Paw) as a function of time;
determining the airway pressure at the end of the occlusion period as end of occlusion airway pressure (Paw(tc)=Poccl);
analyzing a time dependence of the flow starting at the end of the occlusion period to determine a transition time (td) at which the slope of the flow changes from a first high value to a second lower value, andor analyzing a time dependence of the airway pressure starting at the end of the occlusion period to determine the transition time (td) at which the slope at the airway pressure changes from a first high value to a second lower value, or by detecting an increase of the airway pressure over a predetermined threshold value to determine the transition time (td);
determining the flow at the transition time as transition time flow (V\u2032(td)=V\u2032peak) and determining the airway pressure at the transition time as transition time pressure (Paw(td));
calculating the resistance on the basis of the ratio of an estimated driving pressure at the transition time (Pdrv(td)) and the transition time flow (V\u2032peak), wherein the value of the transition time driving pressure (Pdrv(td)) is calculated as sum of the transition time airway pressure (Paw(td)) and a muscular effort pressure (Pmus(td)) at the transition time, which muscular effort pressure (Pmus(td)) is extrapolated based on a predetermined time dependence of muscular effort pressure (Pmus(t)) during the occlusion period and based on value of the end of occlusion airway pressure (Poccl).
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined time dependence is selected such that muscular effort pressure (Pmus(t)) is constant after the occlusion (Pmus(td)=\u2212Poccl), and thus the extrapolated driving pressure is determined to be the transition time airway pressure less the occlusion airway pressure (Pdrv(td)=Paw(td)\u2212Poccl).
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined time dependence is selected such that muscular effort pressure (Pmus(t)) rises after the occlusion with constant slope (k) after the occlusion (Pmus(td)=\u2212Poccl+k*(td\u2212tc)), and thus the extrapolated driving pressure is determined to be transition time airway pressure less the occlusion airway pressure plus the constant (Pdrv(td)=Paw(td)\u2212Poccl+k*(td\u2212tc)).
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined time dependence is selected such that muscular effort pressure Pmus(t) proceeds after the occlusion with a curvature that is described by an nth order polynom (Pmus(td)=\u2212Poccl+k1*(td\u2212tc)+k2*(td\u2212tc)2+k3*(td\u2212tc)3+ . . . +kn*(td\u2212tc)n and thus Pdrv(td)=Paw(td)\u2212Poccl+k1*(td\u2212tc)+k2*(td\u2212tc)2+k3*(td\u2212tc)3+ . . . +kn*(td\u2212tc)n).
5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the Pmus(td) is corrected according to a-priori known pressure-flow characteristics of the respiratory muscles by applying a time dependent gain factor on the Pmus signal.
6. The method according to claim 4, wherein Pmus(td) is corrected according to the a-priori known pressure-flow characteristics of the respiratory muscles by applying a time dependent gain factor on the Pmus signal.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of analyzing the time dependence of the flow data or the airway pressure data includes fitting of a predetermined non-linear function to the respective time-dependent data, said predetermined non-linear function having a first essentially linear portion and a second essentially linear portion with a smooth transition in between, wherein the slopes and lengths and the location of the smooth transition are determined by parameters which are varied in the fitting procedure.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step of analyzing the time dependence of the flow or of the airway pressure data includes fitting two straight lines to respective the time-dependent data and determining the intersection of the two straight lines as the transition time value ta.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein said step of analyzing the time dependence of the flow data or the airway pressure data includes a linear filtering procedure of the respective time-dependent data in order to determine the change of slope point as the transition time value td.
10. A method for automatically determining the elastance (E) of the respiratory system of a spontaneously breathing intubated patient, wherein said method is conducted with or without assisted ventilation and includes an occlusion period at the start of inspiration, wherein said method comprises:
a) determining the resistance (R) of the respiratory system with or without assisted ventilation and including an occlusion period at the start of inspiration by:
inhaling through a breathing apparatus;
blocking a flow through the breathing apparatus at a start of said inhaling, said blocking being performed during the occlusion period;
measuring flow (V\u2032) and airway pressure (Paw) as a function of time;
determining the airway pressure at the end of the occlusion period as end of occlusion airway pressure (Paw(tc)=Poccl);
analyzing a time dependence of the flow starting at the end of the occlusion period to determine a transition time (td) at which the slope of the flow changes from a first high value to a second lower value, andor analyzing a time dependence of the airway pressure starting at the end of the occlusion period to determine the transition time (td) at which the slope at the airway pressure changes from a first high value to a second lower value, or by detecting an increase of the airway pressure over a predetermined threshold value to determine the transition time (td);
determining the flow at the transition time as transition time flow (V\u2032(td)=V\u2032peak) and determining the airway pressure at the transition time as transition time pressure (Paw(td));
calculating the resistance on the basis of the ratio of an estimated driving pressure at the transition time (Pdrv(td)) and the transition time flow (V\u2032peak), wherein the value of the transition time driving pressure (Pdrv(td)) is calculated as sum of the transition time airway pressure (Paw(td)) and a muscular effort pressure (Pmus(td)) at the transition time, which muscular effort pressure (Pmus(td)) is extrapolated based on a predetermined time dependence of muscular effort pressure (Pmus(t)) during the occlusion period and based on value of the end of occlusion airway pressure (Poccl);
b) measuring the inspiratory volume as a function of time;
c) determining the airway pressure (Paw(t)) during the occlusion period (tb<t<tc) as a function of time (Paw(t));
d) extrapolating the airway pressure during the occlusion (Paw(t)) with occlusion period (tb<t<tc) data to the time when the inspiratory volume reaches a predetermined volume (te) to obtain an extrapolated airway pressure (Pexfr(te));
e) subtracting the extrapolated airway pressure (Pexfr(te)) from the ventilator pressure (Paw(te)) to obtain an estimated driving pressure (Pdrv(te));
f) calculating the resistive pressure (Pres(te)) at the predetermined inspiratory volume (\u2154 VT) using the measured flow at that inspiratory volume and the resistance value determined in step a), and subtracting the resistive pressure (Pres(te)) from the estimated driving pressure (P\u2212extr(te)) to determine the elastic pressure (Pel(te)), and determining the elastance on the basis of the ratio of elastic pressure (Pel(te)) to the predetermined inspiratory volume (V(te)).
11. The method according to claim 10, wherein said extrapolation of the time dependent airway pressure data is performed by fitting a predetermined function to the airway pressure data of the occlusion period and obtaining the extrapolated pressure by calculating the fitted function at the extrapolation time te where the inspiratory volume reaches a predetermined value.
12. The method according to claim 11 wherein a predetermined linear convex or concave function is used in the fitting procedure for extrapolation.
13. The method according to claim 10, wherein:
steps d) to f) are repeated for a sequence of predetermined volumes (xi\u2212VT, x1 . . . , xN\u22661);
a corresponding sequence of elastance values (E(xi\xb7VT)) is determined; and
an elastance value is selected from a region of the sequence where the dependence of the elastance from the predetermined volume is lowest.
14. The method according to claim 11, wherein:
steps d) to f) are repeated for a sequence of predetermined volumes (xi\u2212VT, x1 . . . , xN\u22661);
a corresponding sequence of elastance values (E(xi\xb7VT)) is determined; and
an elastance value is selected from a region of the sequence where the dependence of the elastance from the predetermined volume is lowest.
15. The method according to claim 12, wherein:
steps d) to f) are repeated for a sequence of predetermined volumes (xi\u2212VT, x1 . . . , xN\u22661);
a corresponding sequence of elastance values (E(xi\xb7VT)) is determined; and
an elastance value is selected from a region of the sequence where the dependence of the elastance from the predetermined volume is lowest.
16. The method according to claim 10, wherein the values for resistance (R) and elastance (E) as determined in a previous breathing cycle are used to calculate the muscular pressure ((Pmus)), from the inspiratory volume (V) and flow (V\u2032)(Pmus+Paw=E\xb7V+R\xb7V\u2032, Paw=VA\xb7V+FA\xb7V\u2032) as a function of inspiratory volume to compare it to the extrapolated pressure value to check the extrapolation.
17. The method according to claim 11, wherein the values for resistance (R) and elastance (E) as determined in a previous breathing cycle are used to calculate the muscular pressure ((Pmus)), from the inspiratory volume (V) and flow (V\u2032)(Pmus+Paw=E\xb7V+R\xb7V\u2032, Paw=VA\xb7V+FA\xb7V\u2032) as a function of inspiratory volume to compare it to the extrapolated pressure value to check the extrapolation.
18. The method according to claim 15, wherein the values for resistance (R) and elastance (E) as determined in a previous breathing cycle are used to calculate the muscular pressure ((Pmus)), from the inspiratory volume (V) and flow (V\u2032)(Pmus+Paw=E\xb7V+R\xb7V\u2032, Paw=VA\xb7V+FA\xb7V\u2032) as a function of inspiratory volume to compare it to the extrapolated pressure value to check the extrapolation.
19. A method for determining a resistance of a respiratory system of a patient, the method comprising the steps of:
inhaling through a breathing apparatus;
blocking a flow through the breathing apparatus at a start of said inhaling, said blocking being performed during an occlusion period;
measuring flow through the breathing apparatus during said inhaling as a function of time;
measuring airway pressure in the breathing apparatus during said inhaling as a function of time;
determining the airway pressure at an end of the occlusion period (Poccl);
determining a transition time (td) during said inhaling and after the occlusion period, the transition time being determined by one of,
determining a time when a slope of the flow changes from a first high value to a second lower value,
determining a time when a slope of the airway pressure changes from a first high value to a second lower value, and
determining a time when the airway pressure increases above a predetermined threshold;
determining the flow at the transition time td as V\u2032peak;
determining the airway pressure at the transition time td as Paw(td);
determining muscular pressure at the transition time (Pmus(td)) by extrapolation of the airway pressure during the occlusion period;
calculating a driving pressure at the transition time (Pdrv(td)) by adding Paw(td) and Pmus(td);
calculating the resistance of the respiratory system based on a ratio of Pdrv(td) to V\u2032peak.