1. An article which is resistant to corrosion or erosion by chemically active plasmas, said article comprising:
a metal or metal alloy substrate comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of yttrium, neodymium, samarium, terbium, dysprosium, erbium, ytterbium, scandium, hafnium, niobium and combinations thereof, and at least one dopant selected from the group consisting of zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, scandium oxide, niobium oxide, samarium oxide, ytterbium oxide, erbium oxide, cerium oxide, neodymium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, and combinations thereof; and
an oxide coating which is a thermal oxide of said metal or metal alloy including said at least one dopant, wherein a structure of said oxide coating is columnar in nature, wherein a grain size of crystals in said oxide coating is larger at an exposed surface of said oxide coating than at an interface between said oxide coating and said metal or metal alloy substrate, and wherein said oxide coating is in compression at said interface between said oxide coating and said metal or metal alloy substrate.
2. An article in accordance with claim 1, wherein said metal or metal alloy also contains aluminum.
3. An article in accordance with claim 1, wherein said metal is yttrium.
4. An article in accordance with claim 1, wherein said metal alloy includes yttrium.
5. An article in accordance with claim 1, wherein a thickness of said oxide coating ranges from about 1 \u03bcm to about 500 \u03bcm.
6. An article in accordance with claim 1, wherein an exterior surface of said coating, which is a thermal oxide of said metal or metal alloy including said at least one dopant, has a surface roughness ranging from about 0.1 \u03bcm Ra to about 10 \u03bcm Ra.
7. An article which is resistant to corrosion or erosion by chemically active plasmas, said article comprising:
a metal or metal alloy substrate comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of yttrium, neodymium, samarium, terbium, dysprosium, erbium, ytterbium, scandium, hafnium, niobium or combinations thereof, and at least one dopant selected from the group consisting of magnesium, aluminum, copper, calcium, and combinations thereof; and
an oxide coating which is a thermal oxide of said metal or metal alloy including said at least one dopant, wherein a structure of said oxide coating is columnar in nature, wherein a grain size of crystals in said oxide coating is larger at an exposed surface of said oxide coating than at an interface between said oxide coating and said metal or metal alloy substrate, and wherein said oxide coating is in compression at said interface between said oxide coating and said metal or metal alloy substrate.
8. An article in accordance with claim 7, wherein a thickness of said oxide coating ranges from about 1 \u03bcm to about 500 \u03bcm.
9. An article in accordance with claim 7, wherein said at least one dopant comprises a combination of magnesium, aluminum, copper, and calcium, and wherein the concentration range of magnesium ranges from about 10 ppm by weight to about 30 ppm by weight, the concentration range of aluminum ranges from about 10 ppm by weight to about 110 ppm by weight, the concentration range of copper ranges from about 50 ppm by weight to about 300 ppm by weight, and the concentration range of calcium ranges from about 10 ppm by weight to about 800 ppm by weight.
10. An article in accordance with claim 7, wherein an exterior surface of said coating, which is a thermal oxide of said metal or metal alloy including said at least one dopant, has a surface roughness ranging from about 0.1 \u03bcm Ra to about 10 \u03bcm Ra.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. Flexible optically transparent nano structured polymer material high level of the adhesive to the surface of the optical devices to cover an optical devices thereby forming an encapsulating layer over the optical device for protecting the optical device from humidity and UV undesired lights, said that this polymer material is based on the composition comprising:
derivatives of polyurethanes synthesized on the basis of the mixture of olyglycoladipates having different compositions, and molecular weight, and of aliphatic diisocyanates;
multifunctional hydroxyl based a hardening agent;
antistatic additives; and
low-molecular esters having a general formula of: R\u2014C(O)\u2014OR\u2032, where R is at least one of CH3, C2H5 and R\u2032 is at least one of CH3, C2H5, C4H9, C5H11 acting as modifiers having wherein modifiers have an active chemical affinity to the initial components of said polymer compositions connected by intermolecular hydrogenous bonds both with the basis of compound and with hardeners, thereby forming in said composition nano domain and micro-domains and clusters of various dimensions and configurations located in a predetermined order in said polymer material wherein said nano domail and micro-domains and clusters functionally form micro lenses to concentration of light on the optical device and strengthen wave of optical radiation.
2. A flexible optically transparent nano structured polymer material as set forth in claim 1, wherein said micro-domains and clusters formed in the volume of said polymer material have a size from 5 to 150 micron.
3. A flexible optically transparent nano structured polymer material as set forth in claim 1, wherein said nano domain and clusters formed in the volume of said polymer material have a size from 20 to 100 nm.
4. A flexible optically transparent nano structured polymer material as set forth in claim 1, wherein said polymeric encapsulating layer is made of a compound of derivatives of polyurethanes that are based on polyurethane oligomers.
5. A flexible optically transparent nano structured polymer material as set forth in claim 1, wherein said polymeric encapsulating layer is made of a compound of derivatives of polyurethanes that are based on epoxy-urethane oligomers.
6. A composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein as a components for synthesis of forpolymer or oligomer as the polyethyleneglycoladipinat the compounds of polyethyleneglycoladipinat of molecular weight 800-2000 are used and also as aliphatic diisocyanates is used hexamethylendiisocyanate
7. A composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein as a hardening agent from the class of bi-and trifunctional hydroxyl compounds of the mixture of trimethylpropane and glycerin is used.
8. A flexible optically transparent nano structured polymer material as set forth in claim 1, wherein said composition is includes metal dopants, wherein the said metal dopants are made from materials which include the ions of at least one of Pb, Co, Zn, Cu or made from metal powder.
9. A flexible optically transparent nano structured polymer material as set forth in claim 1, wherein said encapsulating layer is formed as a result of the flowing the composition onto the front face surface of the optical device.
10. A flexible optically transparent nano structured polymer material as set forth in claim 1, wherein said encapsulating layer is formed as a result of the dispersion of the composition onto on the front-face surface of the optical device.
11. Flexible optically transparent nano structured polymer material as set forth in claim 1, wherein the optical devices where the forming an encapsulating layer are include the PV modules, optical devices with a complex configuration, concentrated systems for PV modules including plastic lenses, the Fresnel lens’s, in microreplication, an interlayer between glass and bullet-proof windows.
12. A photovoltaic module comprising:
a cell unit having a plurality of photovoltaic cells connected in series-parallel relationship relative one another,
a substrate with insulating layer facing said cell unit, said substrate connected to said photovoltaic cells by an adhesive material connected to back surface of said photovoltaic cells, and
said photovoltaic cells having a front surface exposed to with the incident light-including an encapsulating layer of the flexible optically transparent nano structured polymer material for protecting said photovoltaic cells from humidity and UV undesired lights, said flexible optically transparent nano structured polymer material based on the composition comprising: derivatives of polyurethanes synthesized on the basis of the mixture of polyglycoladipates having different compositions, and molecular weight, and aliphatic diisocyanates, multifunctional hydroxyl based a hardening agent, antistatic additives, and the modifier presenting low-molecular esters having a general formula of: R\u2014C(O)\u2014OR\u2032, where R is at least one of CH3, C2H5 and R\u2032 is at least one of CH3, C2H5, C4H9, C5H11 acting as modifiers having an active chemical affinity to the initial components of said polymer compositions connected by intermolecular hydrogenous bonds both with the basis of compound and with hardeners thereby forming in said composition nano particles and micro-domains and clusters of various dimensions and configurations located in a predetermined order in said polymer material wherein said nano particles and micro-domains and clusters functionally form micro lenses to concentration of light on the optical device and strengthen wave of optical radiation.
13. A photovoltaic module as in claim 12, wherein each of said photovoltaic cells is made of at least one of mono-crystalline silicon, multi-crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, nano-crystalline silicon or non-silicon materials, including dye-sensitized solar cell and organic solar cells.
14. A photovoltaic module as in claim 12, wherein each in this module of said photovoltaic cells is based on CIGS ((copper indium gallium selenide)) and at standard conditions (llumination: 40000 Lx; \u03bbmax=550 . . . 650 nm) open circuit voltage of said photovoltaic module is higher as 9-14% and more as compared with PV modules that are based on CIGS and does not laminated with any materials).
15. A photovoltaic module as in claim 12, wherein each of said photovoltaic module is based on CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide) and at conditions illumination less then 1200 Lx, \u03bbmax=380 . . . 450 nm the open circuit voltage of said photovoltaic module is higher as 55-75% and more as compared with PV modules that are based on CIGS and does not laminated with any materials.
16. A photovoltaic module as in claim 12, wherein said substrate includes a metal sheet covered by an electrically insulating layer and aluminum foil is used as a metal, and an anodized layer of said aluminum serves as an insulator.
17. A photovoltaic module as in claim 12, wherein said substrate includes a polymeric sheet coated by metallic layers for providing electrical contact.
18. A photovoltaic device as in claim 12, wherein a transparent film of conductive oxide metal is affixed between the flexible optically transparent cover and front-face surface of the photovoltaic cell module.
19. A photovoltaic module as in claim 12, wherein said encapsulating layer is further defined by a film presenting a flat coat surface morphology or reliefcrinkle coat surface morphology presenting a random rounded ridge and valley structure wherein the radii of curvature of the concave and convex features of the structure are between approximately 0.3 mm and 2.5.mm.