1. An adsorbent for use in removing heavy metal anions from a liquid or gas medium comprising a porous carbon having a BET surface area greater than about 10 m2g and having incorporated therein iron (III) hydroxide, wherein said adsorbent is capable of interacting with said anions of said heavy metal to lower a concentration of said heavy metal in said liquid or gas.
2. The adsorbent according to claim 1, wherein said anions comprise oxygen-containing species of said heavy metal.
3. The adsorbent according to claim 1, wherein said iron (III) hydroxide is incorporated into said porous carbon by impregnation or dispersion within said adsorbent.
4. The adsorbent according to claim 1, wherein said heavy metal is selected from the group consisting of arsenic, selenium, and combinations thereof.
5. The adsorbent according to claim 1, wherein said iron (III) is present at a concentration of up to about 50% by weight of said adsorbent.
6. An adsorbent for use in removing heavy metal anions from a liquid or gas medium coniprising a porous carbon having a BET surface area greater than about 10 m2g and having incorporated therein copper hydroxide, wherein said adsorbent is capable of interacting with said anions of said heavy metal to lower a concentration of said heavy metal in said liquid or gas.
7. The adsorbent according to claim 6, wherein said anions comprise oxygen-containing species of said heavy metal.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A lubricant composition comprising one or more carboxylic acid esters that are obtainable by reacting a mixture comprising:
a) at least one acid selected from the group consisting of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and aliphatic dicarboxylic acid anhydrides,
b1) a monoalcohol having 10 carbon atoms and a structure of the general formula I,
wherein
R1 is selected from the group consisting of pentyl, iso-pentyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3-methyl-butyl and 2,2-dimethyl-propyl,
R2 is H or methyl,
R3 is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, propyl and iso-propyl,
and
b2) a monoalcohol having 10 carbon atoms and a structure of the general formula II,
wherein
R4 is selected from the group consisting of pentyl, iso-pentyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3-methyl-butyl and 2,2-dimethyl-propyl,
R5 is H or methyl,
R6 is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, propyl and iso-propyl,
with the proviso that the monoalcohol b1) and the monoalcohol b2) have a different structure.
2. The lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of glutaric acid, diglycolic acid, succinic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, adipic acid, 2,6-decahydronaphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, and 2,5-norbornanedicarboxylic acid.
3. The lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the aliphatic dicarboxylic acid is adipic acid.
4. The lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the monoalcohols b1) and b2) are present in a molar ratio in the range of 1.05:1 to 2.0:1 in relation to the acid a).
5. The lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of monoalcohol b1) to monoalcohol b2) is in the range of 5:1 to 95:1.
6. The lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein R1 is pentyl, R2 is H, and R3 is propyl.
7. The lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein R4 is 2-methyl-butyl, R5 is H, and R6 is propyl.
8. The lubricant composition of claim 1, wherein the mixture further comprises a monoalcohol b3) having 10 carbon atoms and a structure of the general formula III,
wherein
R7 is selected from the group consisting of pentyl, iso-pentyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3-methyl-butyl and 2,2-dimethyl-propyl,
R8 is H or methyl,
R9 is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, propyl and iso-propyl,
with the proviso that monoalcohol b3) has a different structure from both the monoalcohol b1) and the monoalcohol b2).
9. The lubricant composition of claim 1 obtainable by reacting a mixture comprising adipic acid, 2-propyl-heptanol, 2-propyl-4-methyl-hexanol and 2-propyl-5-methyl-hexanol.
10. A method for improving the hydrolysis stability of lubricants comprising obtaining as lubricants one or more carboxylic acid esters obtainable by reacting a mixture comprising:
a) at least one acid selected from the group consisting of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and aliphatic dicarboxylic acid anhydrides,
b1) a monoalcohol having 10 carbon atoms and a structure of the general formula I,
wherein
R1 is selected from the group consisting of pentyl, iso-pentyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3-methyl-butyl and 2,2-dimethyl-propyl,
R2 is H or methyl,
R3 is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, propyl and iso-propyl,
and
b2) a monoalcohol having 10 carbon atoms and a structure of the general formula II,
wherein
R4 is selected from the group consisting of pentyl, iso-pentyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3-methyl-butyl and 2,2-dimethyl-propyl,
R5 is H or methyl,
R6 is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, propyl and iso-propyl,
with the proviso that the monoalcohol b1) and the monoalcohol b2) have a different structure.
11. The lubricant composition of claim 1 further comprising one or more additives selected from the group consisting of polymer thickeners, viscosity index (VI) improvers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, detergents, dispersants, demulsifiers, defoamers, dyes, wear protection additives, EP (extreme pressure) additives, AW (antiwear) additives, and friction modifiers.
12. The lubricant composition of claim 1 that is effective as an industrial oil.
13. The lubricant composition of claim 1 that is effective as a metalworking fluid.
14. The lubricant composition of claim 1 that is effective as a transformer oil.
15. The lubricant composition of claim 1 that is effective as a coating composition.
16. The lubricant composition of claim 1 that is effective as a plasticizing agent.
17. The lubricant composition of claim 1, comprising a diester (1) of an acid selected from the group consisting of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and aliphatic dicarboxylic acid anhydrides and b1) a monoalcohol having 10 carbon atoms and a structure of the general formula I,
wherein
R1 is selected from the group consisting of pentyl, iso-pentyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3-methyl-butyl and 2,2-dimethyl-propyl,
R2 is H or methyl,
R3 is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, propyl and iso-propyl,
and
a diester (2) of an acid selected from the group consisting of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and aliphatic dicarboxylic acid anhydrides and b2) a monoalcohol having 10 carbon atoms and a structure of the general formula II,
wherein
R4 is selected from the group consisting of pentyl, iso-pentyl, 2-methyl-butyl, 3-methyl-butyl and 2,2-dimethyl-propyl,
R5 is H or methyl,
R6 is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, propyl and iso-propyl,
with the proviso that the monoalcohol b1) and the monoalcohol b2) have a different structure.
18. The method of claim 10 further comprising adding one or more additives selected from the group consisting of polymer thickeners, viscosity index (VI) improvers, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, detergents, dispersants, demulsifiers, defoamers, dyes, wear protection additives, EP (extreme pressure) additives, AW (antiwear) additives, and friction modifiers to the one or more carboxylic acid esters.