1. A developing apparatus comprising:
a rotatable electrostatic latent image holding member having a surface on which an electrostatic latent image is to be formed;
a developer holding member for supplying a developer comprising a toner and a carrier onto the surface of the electrostatic latent image holding member;
a first developer transport path that is disposed parallel to the developer holding member;
a second developer transport path that is disposed parallel to and below the first developer transport path;
communicating holes for communicating the first developer transport path and the second developer transport path with each other, the communicating holes being formed on both end portions of the first and the second developer transport paths;
first developer transporter for transporting the developer in a first direction, the first developer transporter being disposed in the first developer transport path;
second developer transporter for transporting the developer in a second direction that is opposite to the first direction and supplying the developer to the developer holding member, the second developer transporter being disposed in the second developer transport path;
a magnet roller for drawing up the developer that has been transported through the second developer transport path into the first developer transport path, the magnetic roller being disposed above one of the communicating holes that are disposed in the end portions; and
an inclined surface that is disposed in contact with or close to a surface of the magnet roller and that is inclined such that the height thereof decreases along the first direction,
wherein the developer that is held on the magnet roller is detached by the inclined surface, and the detached developer is transported in the first direction, and
wherein a space in the first developer transport path that surrounds the magnet roller comprises a portion having a cross-sectional open area larger than that of a space in the first developer transport path that surrounds the first developer transporter.
2. The developing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a space in the first developer transport path that surrounds the first developer transporter near the magnet roller comprises a portion having a cross-sectional open area larger than that of the space in the first developer transport path that surrounds the first developer transporter.
3. The developing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the first and the second developer transporter are screws, and a transporting speed of the developer by the first developer transporter near the magnet roller is smaller than a transporting speed of the developer by the second developer transporter.
4. The developing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the toner has a shape factor of at most 140.
5. The developing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the carrier is a resin carrier containing a magnetic material, the surface of the resin carrier being coated with fluorine-modified silicone.
6. The developing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the toner contains, as a lubricant, at least one or more metallic soaps of zinc stearate, calcium stearate, aluminum stearate, and magnesium stearate.
7. The developing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein a toner replenishing port is provided above the magnet roller.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A radiosensitizer composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (II):
wherein R1 is H or alkyl.
2. The radiosensitizer composition according to claim 1, wherein the nitrohistidine is a non-racemic, substantially optically pure nitro-L-histidine.
3. The radiosensitizer composition of claim 1, wherein the nitrohistidine is a compound of formula (I).
4. The radiosensitizer composition of claim 1, wherein the nitrohistidine is a compound of formula (II).
5. A radiosensitizer composition according to claim 1, further comprising one or more agents.
6. A radiosensitizer composition according to claim 5, wherein the one or more agents is buthionine sulfoximine, (PALA) N-(phosphonylacetyl)-L-aspartic acid (PALA), a chemotherapeutic agent, or any combination thereof.
7. A radiosensitizer composition according to claim 5, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is a nitrosourea agent, cisplatin, carboplatin (CBDCA), bleomycin, doxorubicin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, gemcitabine, treosulfan, 5-fluorouracil, dacarbazine, temozolomide, 9-nitrocamptothecin, vincristine, fotemustine, lomustine, a cytokine, an interferon, or any combination thereof.
8. A radiosensitizer composition according to claim 1, further comprising a biomodulator compound.
9. The radiosensitizer composition according to claim 8, wherein the biomodulator compound is a slow-release compound.
10. The radiosensitizer composition according to claim 9, wherein the slow-release compound is a biodegradable polymer.
11. The radiosensitizer composition according to claim 10, wherein the biodegradable polymer is selected from the group consisting of a homopolymer of lactic acid; a homopolymer of glycolic acid; a copolymer of poly-D,L,-lactic acid and glycolic acid; a water-insoluble peptide salt of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue; a poly(phosphoester); a bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)propane (CPP) with sebacic acid copolymer; a polyanhydrides polymer; poly(lactide)-co-glycolide)polyethylene glycol copolymers; and an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
12. A radiosensitizer composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or (II):
wherein R1 is H or alkyl; and a slow-release biodegradable polymer.
13. The radiosensitizer composition according to claim 12 wherein the nitrohistidine is a non-racemic, substantially optically pure nitro-L-histidine.
14. The radiosensitizer composition of claim 12, wherein the nitrohistidine is a compound of formula (I).
15. The radiosensitizer composition of claim 12, wherein the nitrohistidine is a compound of formula (II).
16. A radiosensitizer composition according to claim 12, further comprising buthionine sulfoximine, a nitrosourea agent, N-(phosphonylacetyl)-L-aspartic acid (PALA), a chemotherapeutic agent, or any combination thereof.
17. A radiosensitizer composition according to claim 16, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is a nitrosourea agent, cis-platin, carboplatin (CBDCA), bleomycin, doxorubicin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, gemcitabine, treosulfan, 5-fluorouracil, dacarbazine, temozolomide, 9-nitrocamptothecin, vincristine, fotemustine, lomustine, a cytokine, an interferon, or any combination thereof.
18. The radiosensitizer composition according to claim 12, wherein the biodegradable polymer is selected from the group consisting of a homopolymer of lactic acid; a homopolymer of glycolic acid; a copolymer of poly-D,L,-lactic acid and glycolic acid; a water-insoluble peptide salt of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue; a poly(phosphoester); a bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)propane (CPP) with sebacic acid copolymer; a polyanhydrides polymer; poly(lactide)-co-glycolide)polyethylene glycol copolymers; and an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
19. A method of potentiating radiotherapy cancer treatment comprising:
administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a radiosensitizer of formula (I) or (II):
wherein R1 is H or alkyl; and
directing radiotherapy at a prescribed dosage to a locus of cancer.
20. The radiosensitizer composition of claim 19, wherein the nitrohistidine is a compound of formula (I).
21. The radiosensitizer composition of claim 19, wherein the nitrohistidine is a compound of formula (II).
22. A method of potentiating radiotherapy cancer treatment according to claim 19, wherein the composition further comprises one or more agents.
23. A method of potentiating radiotherapy cancer treatment according to claim 22, wherein the one or more agents is buthionine sulfoximine, a nitrosourea agent, N-(phosphonylacetyl)-L-aspartic acid (PALA), a chemotherapeutic agent, or any combination thereof.
24. A method of potentiating radiotherapy cancer treatment according to claim 23, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent is a nitrosourea agent, cisplatin, carboplatin (CBDCA), bleomycin, doxorubicin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, gemcitabine, treosulfan, 5-fluorouracil, dacarbazine, temozolomide, 9-nitrocamptothecin, vincristine, fotemustine, lomustine, a cytokine, an interferon, or any combination thereof.
25. A method of potentiating radiotherapy cancer treatment according to claim 23, further comprising:
administering chemotherapy after directing radiotherapy.
26. A method of potentiating radiotherapy cancer treatment according to claim 25, wherein administering chemotherapy includes administering a nitrosourea agent, cisplatin, carboplatin (CBDCA), bleomycin, doxorubicin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, gemcitabine, treosulfan, 5-fluorouracil, dacarbazine, temozolomide, 9-nitrocamptothecin, vincristine, fotemustine, lomustine, a cytokine, an interferon, or any combination thereof.
27. A method of potentiating radiotherapy cancer treatment according to claim 23, further comprising:
administering chemotherapy before directing radiotherapy.
28. A method of potentiating radiotherapy cancer treatment according to claim 27, wherein administering chemotherapy includes administering a nitrosourea agent, cisplatin, carboplatin (CBDCA), bleomycin, doxorubicin, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, gemcitabine, treosulfan, 5-fluorouracil, dacarbazine, temozolomide, 9-nitrocamptothecin, vincristine, fotemustine, lomustine, a cytokine, an interferon, or any combination thereof.
29. A method of potentiating radiotherapy cancer treatment according to claim 19, further comprising, in administering, providing the composition in a slow-release formulation.
30. A method of potentiating radiotherapy cancer treatment according to claim 29, further comprising administering the slow-release formulation by any suitable means including oral, intravenous, arterial infusion, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, surgical, and topical.
31. A method according to claim 29, wherein the slow-release formulation comprises a biodegradable polymer.
32. A method according to claim 31, wherein the biodegradable polymer is selected from the group consisting of a homopolymer of lactic acid; a homopolymer of glycolic acid; a copolymer of poly-D,L,-lactic acid and glycolic acid; a water-insoluble peptide salt of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue; a poly(phosphoester); a bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)propane (CPP) with sebacic acid copolymer; a polyanhydrides polymer; poly(lactide)-co-glycolide)polyethylene glycol copolymers; and an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
33. A method according to claim 29, wherein the slow-release formulation releases the radiosensitizer over a period of four or more weeks.
34. A method according to claim 29, wherein the slow-release formulation releases the radiosensitizer over a period of one week or more.
35. A method according to claim 29, wherein the slow-release formulation releases the radiosensitizer over a period of 24 hours or more.
36. A method according to claim 29 wherein the cancer is any of a brain cancer, a lung cancer, a head-and-neck cancer, a GI cancer, a breast cancer, a prostate cancer, a lymphoma, a sarcoma, a melanoma, a cancer of the cervix or endometrium, a bladder cancer, a renal cancer, a liver cancer, or an ocular cancer.
37. A method according to claim 36 wherein the brain cancer is an astrocytoma.
38. A method according to claim 36 wherein the astrocytoma is glioblastoma multiforme.
39. A method according to claim 36 wherein the lung cancer is either a small cell lung carcinoma or a non small cell lung carcinoma.
40. A method of potentiating radiotherapy cancer treatment according to claim 19, further comprising, administering daily doses of the radiosensitizer throughout the course of treatment.
41. A method according to claim 40 wherein the cancer is any of a brain cancer, a lung cancer, a head-and-neck cancer, a GI cancer, a breast cancer, a lymphoma, a melanoma, a prostate cancer, a bladder cancer, a kidney cancer, a liver cancer, a lo sarcoma, or an ocular cancer.
42. A method according to claim 40 wherein the brain cancer is the astrocytoma glioblastoma multiforme, and the method further comprises administering the radiosensitizer formulation daily by any suitable means including oral, intravenous, arterial infusion, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, surgical, and topical.
43. A method according to claim 40, wherein the head-and-neck cancer is squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma.
44. A method according to claim 40, wherein the lung cancer is a small cell lung carcinoma or a non small cell lung carcinoma.