1. An apparatus comprising:
a laser for providing irradiation in the ultraviolet spectrum;
a computer controller coupled to the laser;
an optical fiber coupled to the laser to transmit the ultraviolet irradiation; and
a tube attached to one end of the optical fiber, wherein the optical fiber delivers the ultraviolet irradiation into the tube so as to irradiate a patient’s blood or bodily fluids flowing through the tube, the blood or bodily fluids including pathogens therein;
the computer controller setting at least one of the duration, wavelength(s) or intensity of ultraviolet irradiation to be applied by the laser to deactivate the DNA of the pathogens.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the tube is configured to be placed within the patient’s body inline to an artery or other bodily fluidic passage.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the pathogens comprise one or more of bacteria, virus or fungus.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the tube is configured to be placed external to the patient’s body with the blood or other bodily fluids diverted to flow through the tube.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the pathogens comprise one or more of bacteria, virus or fungus.
6. An apparatus comprising:
a laser for providing irradiation in the ultraviolet spectrum;
a computer controller coupled to the laser; and
an optical fiber coupled to the laser to transmit and deliver the ultraviolet irradiation to one or more toenails, the one or more toenails including Trichophyton Rubrum thereon; and
the computer controller causing the laser to deliver the ultraviolet irradiation with at least one of a duration, wavelength(s) or intensity sufficient to treat the Trichophyton Rubrum with minimal damage to surrounding tissue of said one or more toenails.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the minimal damage to surrounding tissue of said one or more toenails includes avoiding mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.
8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein treating the Trichophyton Rubrum includes deactivating the DNA of the Trichophyton Rubrum.
9. An apparatus comprising:
a laser for providing irradiation in the ultraviolet spectrum;
a computer controller coupled to the laser;
an optical fiber coupled to the laser to transmit and deliver the ultraviolet irradiation to one or more areas of a patient’s skin, said one or more areas of the patient’s skin including Pseudomonas Aeruginosa thereon; and
the computer controller causing the laser to deliver the ultraviolet irradiation with at least one of a duration, wavelength(s) or intensity sufficient to treat the Pseudomonas Aeruginosa with minimal damage to surrounding tissue of said one or more areas of a patient’s skin.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the minimal damage to surrounding tissue of said one or more areas of a patient’s skin includes avoiding mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.
11. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein treating the Pseudomonas Aeruginosa includes deactivating the DNA of the Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the one or more areas of the patient’s skin contain burn wounds infected by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.
13. A method comprising:
diagnosing a type of a pathogen infecting bodily fluids in a human patient;
selecting UV irradiation parameters comprising at least one of the duration, wavelength(s) or intensity to deactivate the DNA of the pathogen but below a threshold for minimal damage to the bodily fluids; and
delivering the UV irradiation with the selected parameters through a fiber-coupled laser apparatus controlled by a computer regulated routine so as to deactivate the DNA of a pathogen in the tissue.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the pathogen comprises one or more of bacteria, virus or fungus.
15. A method comprising:
diagnosing a type of a pathogen infecting a tissue in one or more areas on the exterior of a human body;
selecting UV irradiation parameters comprising at least one of the duration, wavelength(s) or intensity to deactivate the DNA of the pathogen but below a threshold for minimal damage to the tissue; and
delivering the UV irradiation with the selected parameters through a fiber-coupled laser apparatus controlled by a computer regulated routine so as to deactivate the DNA of a pathogen in the tissue.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the minimal damage to the tissue includes avoiding mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein the pathogen comprises one or more of bacteria, virus or fungus.
18. The method of claim 15 wherein the pathogen is Trichophyton Rubrum.
19. The method of claim 15 wherein the pathogen is Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.
20. A method comprising:
diagnosing the type of a pathogen infecting a tissue in the lung of a human or animal;
opening the airways inside the lung by using doped perfluorocarbons in a liquid ventilation or partial liquid ventilation process in the lung;
selecting UV irradiation parameters comprising at least one of a duration, wavelength(s) or intensity to deactivate the DNA of the pathogen but below a threshold for minimal damage to the tissue;
delivering UV irradiation with the selected parameters transmitted by a fiber-coupled laser apparatus so as to deactivate the DNA of a pathogen in the tissue; and
the doped perfluorocarbons selected for optical properties to refract or reflect the UV irradiation.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the fiber-coupled laser apparatus is controlled by a computer regulated routine.
22. The method of claim 20 wherein the liquid ventilation or partial liquid ventilation process further comprises antibiotics with the doped perfluorocarbons.
23. The method of claim 20 wherein the liquid ventilation or partial liquid ventilation process further comprises retrovirus carrying DNA for gene therapy with the doped perfluorocarbons.
24. The method of claim 20 wherein the minimal damage to the tissue includes avoiding mutagenicity and carcinogenicity.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A connector comprising:
a body having a first portion and a second portion integrally formed with said first portion,
said first portion having a first hardness of at least 40 Rockwell C and said second portion having a second hardness that is less than said first hardness.
2. The connector of claim 1, wherein said first portion is a head portion and said second portion is a shank portion.
3. The connector of claim 1, wherein said first portion and said second portion are made of the same material.
4. The connector of claim 1, wherein said first portion and said second portion are made of steel.
5. The connector of claim 1, wherein said second hardness is 30 Rockwell C or less.
6. The connector of claim 1, wherein the body defines a rivet.
7. A connector comprising:
a body having a first portion and a second portion integrally formed with said first portion,
said second portion having a hardness of 30 Rockwell C or less and said first portion having a hardness that is greater than the hardness of said second portion.
8. The connector of claim 7, wherein said first portion is a head portion and said second portion is a shank portion.
9. The connector of claim 7, wherein said first portion and said second portion are made of the same material.
10. The connector of claim 7, wherein said first portion and said second portion are made of steel.
11. The connector of claim 7, wherein said first portion has a hardness of at least 40 Rockwell C.
12. The connector of claim 7, wherein the body defines a rivet.
13. A tool comprising:
a first member;
a second member; and
a connector connected to said first and second members at a pivot point, said first and second members each adapted to pivot about said pivot point, said connector having a first portion and a second portion, said first portion having a first hardness and said second portion having a second different hardness that is less than said first hardness.
14. The connector of claim 13, wherein said first portion and said second portion are made of the same material.
15. The connector of claim 13, wherein said first portion and said second portion are made of steel.
16. The connector of claim 13, wherein said connector is a rivet.
17. The connector of claim 13, wherein the tool is a pliers.
18. The connector of claim 13, wherein said first hardness is at least 40 Rockwell C and said second hardness is 30 Rockwell C or less.
19. A method of forming a connector comprising:
forming a body having first and second portions, and
induction hardening the first portion to a hardness of at least 40 Rockwell C.
20. A method of forming a connector comprising:
forming a body having first and second portions, and
induction hardening the second portion to a hardness of 30 Rockwell C or less.