1. A protection unit for providing protection switching in a telecommunication system, comprising:
a local bridge connector configured to receive at least one detachable electrical connection element;
a switching element that is configured to electrically disconnect a line interface unit from the local bridge connector in normal operation mode position; and
a detachable by-pass element that is connected in series between the switching element and the line interface unit to electrically connect the line interface unit to the local bridge connector through the switching element when the switching element is in a protection operation mode position;
wherein the protection unit is comprised in a printed board assembly having the local bridge connector disposed at an end thereof; and
wherein the detachable by-pass element has a first end connected to the switching element and a second end connected to the line interface unit such that the first and second ends are disposed on the printed board assembly.
2. The protection unit as in claim 1, further comprising a detachable identification element configured to indicate when the line interface unit is a stand-by line interface unit.
3. The protection unit as in claim 2, wherein the identification element is readable from a management system.
4. The protection unit as in claim 1, further comprising an interface connector configured to interface the line signals to and from the line interface unit.
5. The protection unit as in claim 4, where the interface connector is connectable to the line interface unit.
6. The protection unit as in claim 4, wherein the interface connector is configured to attach directly to the line interface unit.
7. The protection unit as in claim 1, wherein the protection unit is integrated with the line interface unit on the printed board assembly.
8. The protection unit as in claim 1, wherein the switching element comprises at least one electrical relay.
9. A system for protection switching in a telecommunication system, comprising:
a first protection unit comprising:
a first local bridge connector; and
a first switching element that is configured to direct first line signals between a first communication line and a first line interface unit in normal operation and to direct the first line signals between the first communication line and the first local bridge connector when protection switching is needed; and
a second protection unit comprising:
a second local bridge connector;
a by-pass element; and
a second switching element that is configured to direct the first line signals between the first communication line and a stand-by line interface unit through the second local bridge connector and the by-pass element when protection switching is needed and to disconnect the stand-by line interface unit from the second local bridge connector in normal operation;
wherein the by-pass element is connected in series between the second switching element and the stand-by line interface unit when protection switching is needed, the by-pass element having a first end connected to the second switching element and a second end connected to the stand-by line interface unit such that the first and second ends are disposed on the second protection unit;
wherein the first and second local bridge connectors are electrically connected to each other via detachable electrical connection elements.
10. The system as in claim 9, wherein the detachable electrical connection elements comprise external jumpers.
11. The system as in claim 9, wherein the detachable electrical connection elements comprise external jumper cables.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A thermally conductive member having a sheet shape and arranged between battery cells in a battery pack which has plurality of battery cells, the thermally conductive member comprising
a three-layer laminated structure which is composed of a backing layer, a first thermally conductive layer arranged between a first battery cell and the backing layer, wherein the first battery cell is one of the plural of battery cells, and a second thermally conductive layer arranged between a second battery cell arranged next to the first battery cell and the backing layer,
a first surface which is in contact with the first battery cell, and
a second surface which is in contact with the second battery cell,
wherein the backing layer has a thermal conductivity of less than 0.5 WmK and each of the first and second thermally conductive layers has a thermal conductivity of 0.5 WmK or more.
2. The thermally conductive member according to claim 1, wherein the backing layer has a thickness of 0.1 to 10 mm and a ratio of the thickness of the first thermally conductive layer to the thickness of the backing layer is 11 to 110,000, and a ratio of the thickness of the second thermally conductive layer to the thickness of the backing layer is 11 to 110,000.
3. The thermally conductive member according to claim 1, wherein the backing layer is made of a resin member having a flexural modulus of 1 GPa or more.
4. The thermally conductive member according to claim 1, wherein each of the first thermally conductive layer and the second thermally conductive layer is provided on a topmost surface and the surface of each of the first thermally conductive layer and the second thermally conductive layer has an adhesion or peel strength of 0.2 N20 mm or more.
5. The thermally conductive member according to claim 1, wherein each of the first thermally conductive layer and the second thermally conductive layer is made of an acrylic polymer.