1. A method of reacting a first non-fluorous compound to produce a second non-fluorous compound comprising the steps of:
contacting a first non-fluorous phase including the first non-fluorous compound with a first fluorous phase at a first phase interface, the first non-fluorous compound distributing between the first fluorous phase and the first non-fluorous phase;
contacting the first fluorous phase with a second non-fluorous phase at a second phase interface; and
including at least a third non-fluorous compound in the second non-fluorous phase that reacts with the first non-fluorous compound to produce the second non-fluorous compound, the second non-fluorous compound having a distribution coefficient less than the first non-fluorous compound.
2. The method of claim 1 one wherein at least one of the first non-fluorous phase and the second non-fluorous phase is an aqueous phase.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one of the first non-fluorous phase and the second non-fluorous phase is an organic phase.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the first non-fluorous phase is a first organic phase and the second non-fluorous phase is a second organic phase.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the first non-fluorous phase also includes at least one non-fluorous compound other than the first non-fluorous compound, the other compound having a distribution coefficient less than the first non-fluorous compound.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the other non-fluorous compound has a distribution coefficient substantially less than the first non-fluorous compound.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the first non-fluorous compound has a distribution coefficient in the first organic phase between approximately 0.01 and approximately 10.
8. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of contacting the second non-fluorous phase with a second fluorous phase at a third phase interface.
9. The method of claim 8 further comprising the step of contacting the second fluorous phase with a third non-fluorous phase at a fourth phase interface.
10. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of perturbing at least one of the first phase interface and the second phase interface.
11. The method of claim 4 further comprising the step of perturbing at least one of the first phase interface and the second phase interface.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the first non-fluorous compound is dibromine.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the second non-fluorous compound is an alkene or an alkyne.
14. A method of reacting a first non-fluorous compound with at least a second non-fluorous compound to produce a third non-fluorous compound comprising the steps of:
contacting a first non-fluorous phase including the first non-fluorous compound and the second non-fluorous compound with a first fluorous phase at a first phase interface;
contacting the first fluorous phase with a second non-fluorous phase at a second phase interface; and
including at least one non-fluorous reagent to promote the reaction between the first non-fluorous compound and the second non-fluorous compound in the second non-fluorous phase, the non-fluorous catalyst distributing between the first fluorous phase and the second non-fluorous phase.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein at least one of the first non-fluorous compound and the second non-fluorous compound has a distribution coefficient less than the non-fluorous reagent.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the non-fluorous reagent is a metal halide catalyst.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the reaction between the first fluorous compound and the second fluorous compound is a Friedel-Crafts reaction.
18. The method of claim 16 wherein the catalyst is tin tetrachloride.
19. A method of separating a mixture of at least a first non-fluorous compound arid a second non-fluorous compound comprising the steps of:
contacting a mixture of the of the first non-fluorous compound and the second non-fluorous compound in a first non-fluorous phase with a first fluorous phase at a first phase interface, the first non-fluorous compound distributing between the first fluorous phase and the first non-fluorous phase, the second non-fluorous compound having a distribution coefficient less than the first non-fluorous compound; and
contacting the fluorous phase with a second non-fluorous phase at a second phase interface.
20. The method of claim 19 one wherein at least one of the first non-fluorous phase and the second non-fluorous phase is an aqueous phase.
21. The method of claim 19 wherein at least one of the first non-fluorous phase and the second non-fluorous phase is an organic phase.
22. The method of claim 19 wherein the first non-fluorous phase is a first organic phase and the second non-fluorous phase is a second organic phase.
23. The method of claim 19 further comprising the step of contacting the second non-fluorous phase with a second fluorous phase at a third phase interface.
24. The method of claim 23 further comprising the step of contacting the second fluorous phase with a third non-fluorous phase at a fourth phase interface.
25. The method of claim 23 further comprising the step of drawing off a portion of second non-fluorous phase containing the first non-fluorous compound and adding non-fluorous solvent that does not contain the first non-fluorous compound.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A circuit breaker comprising:
a first conductor comprising an elongated portion;
a second conductor comprising a movable arm;
a set of contacts comprising at least a first stationary contact and at least a first movable contact, the at least a first movable contact and the at least a first stationary contact being separable to interrupt a circuit that includes the first and second conductors;
the at least a first stationary contact being disposed on the first conductor;
the at least a first movable contact being disposed on the movable arm;
an arc extinction system comprising at least a first insulator disposed adjacent the at least a first stationary contact, the at least a first insulator being structured to output a gas upon an initiation of an arc between the at least a first stationary contact and the at least a first movable contact to resist movement of the arc in a direction generally toward the at least a first insulator; and
the elongated portion extending adjacent at least a portion of the movable arm to form a reverse loop with the at least a portion of the movable arm, at least a portion of the at least a first insulator being disposed between at least a portion of the elongated portion of the first conductor and the at least a portion of the movable arm.
2. The circuit breaker of claim 1 wherein the arc extinction system includes a second insulator and a third insulator, the second insulator being structured to output a gas upon an initiation of an arc between the at least a first stationary contact and the at least a first movable contact to resist movement of the arc in a direction generally toward the second insulator, the third insulator being structured to output a gas upon an initiation of an arc between the at least a first stationary contact and the at least a first movable contact to resist movement of the arc in a direction generally toward the third insulator, the second and third insulators being disposed at alternate sides of the elongated portion.
3. The circuit breaker of claim 2 wherein the second and third insulators are disposed adjacent and at alternate sides of the at least a first stationary contact.
4. The circuit breaker of claim 1 wherein the first conductor includes a transverse portion that is connected with the elongated portion and extends in a direction transverse thereto, the at least a first insulator extending along at least a portion of the elongated portion and along at least a portion of the transverse portion.
5. (canceled)
6. The circuit breaker of claim 5 wherein the first conductor includes a first outwardly-protruding boss and a second outwardly-protruding boss, and wherein the first and second insulators each include a recessed region, the first outwardly-protruding boss being engaged with the recessed region of the first insulator, the second outwardly-protruding boss being engaged with the recessed region of the second insulator.
7. The circuit breaker of claim 5 wherein the arc extinction system includes a third insulator disposed adjacent the at least a first stationary contact, the third insulator being structured to output a gas upon an initiation of an arc between the at least a first stationary contact and the at least a first movable contact to resist movement of the arc in a direction generally toward the third insulator.
8. The circuit breaker of claim 18 wherein the third insulator extends between the first and second insulators.
9. The circuit breaker of claim 8 wherein the at least first and second insulators each include a receptacle, the third insulator being engaged with the first insulator at the receptacle thereof, the third insulator being engaged with the second insulator at the receptacle thereof.
10. (canceled)
11. A circuit breaker comprising:
a first conductor;
a second conductor comprising a movable arm;
a set of contacts comprising at least a first stationary contact and at least a first movable contact, the at least a first movable contact and the at least a first stationary contact being separable to interrupt a circuit that includes the first and second conductors;
the at least a first stationary contact being disposed on the first conductor;
the at least a first movable contact being disposed on the movable arm;
an arc extinction system comprising an arc chute and at least a first insulator;
the at least a first insulator being disposed adjacent the at least a first stationary contact and being structured to output a gas upon an initiation of an arc between the at least a first stationary contact and the at least a first movable contact to resist movement of the arc in a direction generally toward the at least a first insulator; and
at least a portion of the at least a first stationary contact being disposed generally between at least a portion of the at least a first insulator and at least a portion of the arc chute.
12. The circuit breaker of claim 11 wherein the arc chute, the at least a first stationary contact, and the at least a first insulator are disposed along a main axis of the circuit breaker, and wherein the arc extinction system includes a second insulator and a third insulator, the second insulator being structured to output a gas upon an initiation of an arc between the at least a first stationary contact and the at least a first movable contact to resist movement of the arc in a direction generally toward the second insulator, the third insulator being structured to output a gas upon an initiation of an arc between the at least a first stationary contact and the at least a first movable contact to resist movement of the arc in a direction generally toward the third insulator, the second and third insulators being disposed at alternate sides of the main axis.
13. The circuit breaker of claim 12 wherein the second and third insulators are disposed adjacent and at alternate sides of the at least a first stationary contact.
14. The circuit breaker of claim 13 wherein the at least a first insulator extends between the second and third insulators.
15. The circuit breaker of claim 14 wherein the second and third insulators each include a receptacle, the at least a first insulator being engaged with the second insulator at the receptacle thereof, the at least a first insulator being engaged with the third insulator at the receptacle thereof.
16. The circuit breaker of claim 12 wherein the at least a first movable contact is movable in a first direction away from the at least a first stationary contact, at least a portion of the second insulator and at least a portion of the third insulator each being elongated and extending generally in the first direction away from the at least a first stationary contact.
17. A circuit breaker comprising:
a first conductor;
a second conductor comprising a movable arm;
a set of contacts comprising at least a first stationary contact and at least a first movable contact, the at least a first movable contact and the at least a first stationary contact being separable to interrupt a circuit that includes the first and second conductors;
the at least a first stationary contact being disposed on the first conductor;
the at least a first movable contact being disposed on the movable arm; and
an arc extinction system comprising a first insulator and a second insulator disposed adjacent and at alternate sides of the at least a first stationary contact, the first insulator being structured to output a gas upon an initiation of an arc between the at least a first stationary contact and the at least a first movable contact to resist movement of the arc in a direction generally toward the first insulator, the second insulator being structured to output a gas upon an initiation of an arc between the at least a first stationary contact and the at least a first movable contact to resist movement of the arc in a direction generally toward the second insulator; and
wherein the first conductor includes a first outwardly-protruding boss and a second outwardly-protruding boss, and wherein the first and second insulators each include a recessed region, the first outwardly-protruding boss being engaged with the recessed region of the first insulator, the second outwardly-protruding boss being engaged with the recessed region of the second insulator.
18. A circuit breaker comprising:
a first conductor;
a second conductor comprising a movable arm;
a set of contacts comprising at least a first stationary contact and at least a first movable contact, the at least a first movable contact and the at least a first stationary contact being separable to interrupt a circuit that includes the first and second conductors;
the at least a first stationary contact being disposed on the first conductor;
the at least a first movable contact being disposed on the movable arm; and
an arc extinction system comprising a first insulator and a second insulator disposed adjacent and at alternate sides of the at least a first stationary contact, the first insulator being structured to output a gas upon an initiation of an arc between the at least a first stationary contact and the at least a first movable contact to resist movement of the arc in a direction generally toward the first insulator, the second insulator being structured to output a gas upon an initiation of an arc between the at least a first stationary contact and the at least a first movable contact to resist movement of the arc in a direction generally toward the second insulator; and
herein the arc extinction system includes a third insulator disposed adjacent the at least a first stationary contact, the third insulator being structured to output a gas upon an initiation of an arc between the at least a first stationary contact and the at least a first movable contact to resist movement of the arc in a direction generally toward the third insulator.