1. A method, comprising:
receiving a user input event at a user interface of a portable electronic device, the portable electronic device operable in a predictive mode and a non-predictive mode, wherein the user input event is received by a media-playback a application of the portable electronic device;
transmitting the user in the media-playback application to a non-media-playback application of the portable electronic device for processing said user input event;
processing the user input event by the non-media-playback application, wherein the processing includes:
determining an operation associated with the received user input event;
determining if the operation is a non-predictive mode operation;
performing the non-predictive mode operation if the operation is determined as said non-predictive mode operation, otherwise,
automatically transmitting, without user intervention, the user input event to the media-playback application for performing a predictive mode operation;
wherein the operation is performed on the portable electronic device.
2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein:
the portable includes a processor, the processor arranged to execute the non-media-playback application in the non-predictive mode and the media-play-back application in the predictive mode.
3. The method as recited in claim 2, further comprising:
providing an output queue;
writing the user input event to the output queue by the processor only when it is determined that the operation is the predictive mode operation.
4. The method as recited in claim 3, further comprising:
reading the output queue by the media-playback application; and
performing the predictive mode operation corresponding to the user input event written in the queue.
5. A portable electronic device operable in a predictive mode and a non-predictive mode, comprising:
a user interface, the user interface configured for receiving a user input event:
a processor in communication with the user interface, the processor configured to automatically operate the portable electronic device in the predictive mode or the non-predictive mode based upon the received user input event, wherein the processor configuration comprises:
receiving the user input event at the user interface, wherein the user input event is received by a media-playback application of the portable electronic device;
transmitting the user input event from the media- playback application to a non-media-playback application of the portable electronic device for processing said user input event;
processing the user input event by the non-media-playback application, wherein he processing includes:
determining an operation associated with the received user input event;
determining if the operation is a non-predictive mode operation; Performing the non-predictive mode operation if the operation is determined as said non-predictive mode operation, otherwise,
automatically transmitting, without user intervention, the user input event to the media-playback application for performing a predictive mode, operation;
wherein the operation is performed on the portable electronic device.
6. The portable electronic device as recited in claim 5, wherein the processor is arranged to execute the non-media-playback application in the non-predictive mode and the media-playback application in the predictive type mode.
7. The portable electronic device as recited in claim 6, further comprising:
an output queue, wherein the processor writes the user input event to the output queue only when it is determined that the operation is the predictive mode operation.
8. The portable electronic device as recited in claim 7, wherein the media-playback application instructs the processor to,
read the output queue, and
perform the predictive mode operation corresponding to the user input event written in the queue.
9. A non-transitory computer readable medium of a portable electronic device that provides instructions, that if executed by a processor of the portable electronic device will cause the processor to perform operations for automatically operating the portable electronic device in a predictive mode or a non-predictive mode, comprising:
receiving the user input event at a user interface of the portable electronic device, the portable electronic device operable in the predictive mode and a the non-predictive mode, wherein the user input event is received by a media-playback application of the portable electronic device;
transmitting the user input event from the media-playback application to a non-media-playback application of the portable electronic device for processing said user input event;
processing the user input event by the non-media-playback application, wherein the processing includes:
determining an operation associated with the received user input event;
determining if the operation is a non-predictive mode operation;
performing the non-predictive mode operation if the operation is determined as said non-predictive mode operation, otherwise,
automatically transmitting, without user intervention, the user input event to the media-playback application for performing a predictive mode operation;
wherein the operation is performed on the portable electronic device.
10. The non transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 9, wherein the non-predictive mode operation is performed by the non-media a back application and the predictive mode operation is performed by the media-playback application.
11. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in further comprising:
providing an output queue;
writing the user input event to the output queue only when it is determined that the operation is the predictive mode operation.
12. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 11, wherein:
the media-playback application reads the output queue and performs the predictive mode operation corresponding to the user input event written in the queue.
13. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:
receiving the user input event from the non-media-playback application by the media-playback application and performing the predictive mode operation only if the user input event is transmitted from the non-media-playback application to the media-playback application.
14. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:
providing an input queue for handling user interface events, wherein the media-playback application transmits the user input event to the input queue for processing the user interface event.
15. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein:
the non-media-playback application receives the user input event from the input queue for processing the user interface event.
16. The method as recited in claim 1, further comprising:
providing an output queue for handling user interface events, wherein the non-media-playback application, upon determining the user input event includes a predictive mode operation, transmits the user input event to the media-playback application by employing, the output queue.
17. The method as recited in claim 16, wherein:
the media-playback application receives the user input event from the output queue.
18. The device as recited as in claim 5, wherein the processor configuration further comprises:
receiving the user input event from the non-media-playback application by the media-playback application and performing the predictive mode operation only if the user input event is transmitted from the non-media-playback application to the media-playback application.
19. The device as recited in claim 5, wherein the processor configuration further comprises:
an input queue for handling user interface events, wherein the media-playback application transmits the user input event to the input queue for processing the user interface event.
20. The device as recited in claim 19, wherein:
the non-media-playback application receives the user input event from the input queue for processing the user interlace event.
21. The device as recited in claim 5, wherein the processor configuration further comprises:
an output queue for handling user interface events, wherein the non-media-playback application, upon determining the user input event includes a predictive mode operation, transmits the user input event to the media-playback application by employing the output queue.
22. The device as recited in claim 21, wherein:
the media-playback application receives the user input event from the output queue.
23. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 9, further comprising:
receiving the user input event from the non-media-playback application by the media-playback application and performing the predictive mode operation only if the user input event is transmitted from the non-media-playback application to the media-playback application.
24. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 9, further comprising:
providing an input queue for handling user interface events, wherein the media-playback application transmits the user input event to the input queue for processing the user interface event.
25. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 24 wherein:
the non-media-playback application receives the user input event from the input queue for processing the user interface event.
26. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 9, further comprising:
providing an output queue for handling user interface events, wherein the non-media-playback application, upon determining the user input event includes a predictive mode operation, transmits the user input event to the media-playback application by employing the output queue.
27. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 26, wherein:
the media-playback application receives the user input event from the output queue.
28. A non-transitory computer readable medium of a portable electronic device that provides instructions, that if executed by a processor of the portable electronic device will cause the processor to perform operations for automatically operating the portable electronic device in a predictive mode or a non-predictive mode, comprising:
receiving the user input event at a user interface of the portable electronic device, the portable electronic device operable in the predictive mode and the non-predictive mode, wherein the user input event is received by a first application of the portable electronic device;
transmitting the user input event from the first application to a second application of the portable electronic device for processing said user input event;
processing the user input event by the second application, wherein the processing includes:
determining an operation associated with the received user input event;
determining if the operation is a non-predictive mode operation;
performing the non-predictive mode operation if the operation is determined as said non-predictive mode operation, otherwise,
automatically transmitting, without user intervention, the user input event to the first application for performing a predictive mode operation;
wherein the operation is performed on the portable electronic device.
29. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 28, wherein the non-predictive mode operation is performed by the second application and the predictive mode operation is performed by the first application.
30. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 29, further comprising:
providing an output queue;
writing the user input event to the output queue only when it is determined that the operation is the predictive mode operation.
31. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 30, wherein:
the first application reads the output queue and performs the predictive mode operation corresponding to the user input event written in the queue.
32. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 28, further comprising:
providing an input queue for handling user interface events, wherein the first application transmits the user input event to the input queue for processing the user interface event.
33. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 32 wherein:
the second application receives the user input event from the input queue for processing the user interface event.
34. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 28,further comprising:
providing an output queue for handling user interface events, wherein the second application, upon determining the user input event includes a predictive mode operation, transmits the user input event to the first application by employing the output queue.
35. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 34, wherein:
the first application receives the user input event from the output queue.
36. A non-transitory computer readable medium of portable electronic device that provides instructions, that if executed by a processor of the portable electronic device will cause the processor to perform operations for automatically operating the portable electronic device in a predictive mode or a non-predictive mode, comprising:
receiving the user input event at a user interface of the portable electronic device, the portable electronic device operable in the predictive mode and the non-predictive mode, wherein the user input event is received by a first application of the portable electronic device;
transmitting the user input event from the first application to a second application of the portable electronic device for processing said user input event;
processing the user input event by the second application, wherein the processing includes:
determining an operation associated with the received user input event;
determining if the operation is a predictive mode or non-predictive mode operation that can executed by the second application;
performing the predictive or non-predictive mode operation if the operation is determined as one that can be executed by the second application, otherwise,
automatically transmitting, without user intervention, the user input event to the first application for performing the predictive or non-predictive mode operation;
wherein the operation is performed on the portable electronic device.
37. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 36, further comprising:
providing an output queue;
writing the user input event to the output queue only when it is determined that the operation cannot be executed by the second application.
38. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 37, wherein:
the first application reads the output queue and performs the predictive mode operation or the non-predictive mode operation corresponding to the user input event written in the queue.
39. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 36, further comprising:
providing an input queue for handling user interface events, wherein the first application transmits the user input event to the input queue for processing the user interlace event.
40. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 39 wherein:
the second application receives the user input event from the input queue for processing the user interface event.
41. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 36, further comprising:
providing an output queue for handling user interface events, wherein the second application, upon determining the user input event cannot be executed by the second application, transmits the user input event to the first application by employing the output queue.
42. The non-transitory computer readable medium as recited in claim 41, wherein:
the first application receives the user input event from the output queue.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A composition of matter of the formula
Rm
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube having a length to diameter ratio of greater than 5 and a diameter of less than 0.5 micron,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of R is the same and is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, RCHOH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR21 HgX, TlZ2 and MgX,
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, cycloaryl, or poly(alkylether),
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide, and
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate.
2. A composition of matter of the formula
Rm
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic fibril being substantially free of pyrolytically deposited carbon, the projection of the graphite layers on said fibrils extends for a distance of at least two fibril diameters,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of R is the same and is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, RCHOH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX,
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, cycloaryl, or poly(alkylether),
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide, and
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate.
3. A composition of matter of the formula
Rm
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface atoms of a fishbone fibril,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of R is the same and is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, RCHOH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX.
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, cycloaryl, or poly(alkylether),
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide, and
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate.
4. A composition of matter of the formula
Rm
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube having a length to diameter ratio of greater than 5 and a diameter of less than 0.5 micron,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n and m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of R may be the same or different and is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, RCHOH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX,
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, cycloaryl, or poly(alkylether),
R is a fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate,
and further provided that where each of R is an oxygen-containing group COOH is not present.
5. A composition of matter of the formula
Rm
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic fibril being substantially free of pyrolytically deposited carbon, the projection of the graphite layers on said fibrils extends for a distance of at least two fibril diameters,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n and m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of R may be the same or different and is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, RCHOH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX,
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, cycloaryl, or poly(alkylether),
R is a fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
Z is a carboxylate or trifluoroacetate,
and further provided that where each of R is an oxygen-containing group COOH is not present.
6. A composition of matter of the formula
Rm
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface atoms of a fishbone fibril,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n and m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of R may be the same or different and is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, RCHOH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX,
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, cycloaryl, or poly(alkylether),
R is a fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
Z is a carboxylate or trifluoroacetate,
and further provided that where each of R is an oxygen-containing group COOH is not present.
7. A composition of matter of the formula
Am
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube having a length to diameter ratio of greater than 5 and a diameter of less than 0.1 micron,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of A is selected from
19
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RN(R)2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RN(R)3X, RSiR3, RSiORyR3y, RSiOSiR2OR, RR, RNCO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)wR, (C3H6O)wR, R,
20
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200.
8. The composition of claim 7 wherein
A is
21
R is H and
Y is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of lysine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
9. A composition of matter of the formula
CnHLAm
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic fibril being substantially free of pyrolytically deposited carbon, the projection of the graphite layers on said fibrils extends for a distance of at least two fibril diameters,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of A is selected from
22
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RN(R)2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RN(R)3X, RSiR3, RSiORyR3y, RSiOSiR2OR, RR, RNCO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6Ow, C2H4O)wR, (c3H6O)wR, and
23
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200.
10. The composition of claim 9 wherein
A is
24
R is H and
Y is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of lysine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
11. A composition of matter of the formula
Am
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface atoms of a fishbone fibril,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of A is selected from
25
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RN(R)2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RN(R)3X, RSiR3, RSiORyR3y, RSiOSiR2OR, RR, RNCO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)wR, (c3H6O)wR, R
26
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200.
12. The composition of claim 11 wherein:
A is
27
R is H, and
Y is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of lysine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
13. A composition of matter of the formula
R-Am
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube having a length to diameter ratio of greater than 5 and a diameter of less than 0.5 micron,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of R is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, cycloaryl, or poly(alkylether),
A is selected from
28
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RN(R)2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RN(R)3X, RSiR3, RSiORyR3y, RSiOSiR2OR, RR, RNCO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4OwR, (C3H6O)wR,
29
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200.
14. The composition of claim 13 wherein
A is
30
R is H, and
Y is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of lysine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
15. A composition of matter of the formula
R-Am
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic fibril being substantially free of pyrolytically deposited carbon, the projection of the graphite layers on said fibrils extends for a distance of at least two fibril diameters,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of R is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, cycloaryl, or poly(alkylether),
A is selected from
31
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an enzyme, an amino acid, an antibody, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RNR2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RN(R)3X, RSiR3, RSiORyR3y, RSiOSiR2OR, RR, RNCO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)wR, (C3H6O)wR, R,
32
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200.
16. The composition of claim 15 wherein:
A is
33
R is H, and
Y is an amino acid selected from the group consisting of lysine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
17. A composition of matter of the formula
R-Am
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface atoms of a fishbone fibril,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of R is alkyl., aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, cycloaryl, or poly(alkyether),
A is selected from
34
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RN(R)2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RN(R)3X, RSiR3, RSiORyR3y, RSiOSiR2OR, RR, RNCO, (c2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)wR, (C3H6O)wR, R
35
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200.
18. A composition of matter of the formula
X-Aam
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube having a length to diameter ratio of greater than Sand a diameter of less than 0.5 micron,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n, a is an integer less than 10,
each of A is selected from
36
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RN(R)2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RN(R)3X, RSiOR3, RSiORyR3y, RSiOSiR2yOR, RR, RNCO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)wR, (c3H6O)wR, R
37
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
X is a polynuclear aromatic, polyheteronuclear aromatic or metallopolyheteronuclear aromatic moiety,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200.
19. A composition of matter of the formula
X-Aam
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic fibril being substantially free of pyrolytically deposited carbon, the projection of the graphite layers on said fibrils extends for a distance of at least two fibril diameters,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n, a is an integer less than 10,
each of A is selected from
38
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RN(R)2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RN(R)3X, RSiR3, RSiORyR3y, RSiOSiR2R, RR, RNCO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)wR, (C3H6O)wR, R
39
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
X is a polynuclear aromatic, polyheteronuclear aromatic or metallopolyheteronuclear aromatic moiety,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200.
20. A composition of matter of the formula
X-Aam
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface atoms of a fishbone fibril,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n, a is an integer less than 10,
each of A is selected from
40
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROOH, RN(R)2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RN(R)3X, RSiR3, RSiORyR3y, RSiOSiR2OR, RR, RNCO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)wR, (C3H6O)wR, R
41
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
X is a polynuclear aromatic, polyheteronuclear aromatic or metallopolyheternuclear aromatic moiety,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200.
21. A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
CH(R)OHm
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, cycloaryl, or poly(alkylether),
comprising the step of reacting the surface carbons with a compound having the formula RCH2OH in the presence of a free radical initiator under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula CH(R)OHm.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein said free radical initiator is benzoyl peroxide.
23. A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
Am
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of A is selected from
42
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RN(R)2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RSiR3RN(R)3X, RR, RNCO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)wR, (C3H6O)wR, R and
43
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200, comprising the steps of:
(a) reacting the surface carbons with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form substituted nanotubes having the formula Rm, wherein each of R is the same and is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CH(R)OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3; and
(b) reacting the substituted nanotubes CnHLRm with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula Am.
24. A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
Am
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube having a length to diameter ratio of greater than 5 and a diameter of less than 0.1 micron,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of A is selected from
44
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RN(R)2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RSiR3, RN(R)3X, RR, RNCO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)wR, (c3H6O)wR, R and
45
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200, comprising the steps of:
(a) reacting the surface carbons with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form substituted nanotubes having the formula Rm, wherein each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CH(R)OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3; and
(b) reacting the substituted nanotubes Rm with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula. Am.
25. A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
Am
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube being substantially free of pyrolytically deposited carbon,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of A is selected from
46
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RN(R)2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RSiR3, RN(R)3X, RR, RNCO, (c2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)wR, (c3H6O)wR, R and
47
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200, comprising the steps of:
(a) reacting the surface carbons with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form substituted nanotubes having the formula (CnHLRm, wherein each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CH(R)OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3; and
(b) reacting the substituted nanotubes (CnHLRm with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula Am.
26. A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
Am
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of A is selected from
48
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RN(R)2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RSiR3, RN(R)3X, RR, RNCO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)wR, (c3H6O)wR, R and
49
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200, comprising the step of reacting substituted nanotubes Rm with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula Am, where each of R is the same and is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CH(R)OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3.
27. A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
Am
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube having a length to diameter ratio of greater than 5 and a diameter of less than 0.1 micron,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of A is selected from
50
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RN(R)2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RSiR3, RN(R)3X, RR, RNCO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)wR, (C3H6O)wR, R and
51
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl, R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200,
comprising the step of reacting substituted nanotubes Rm with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula Am, where each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CH(R)OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORwR3y, SiSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3.
28. A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
Am
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube being substantially free of pyrolytically deposited carbon,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of A is selected from
52
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RN(R)2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RSiR3, RN(R)3X, RR, RNCO, (c2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)wR, (c3H6O)wR, R and
53
R is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200,
comprising the step of reacting substituted nanotubes Rm with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula Am, where each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CH(R)OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3.
29. A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
R-Am
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.4 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
R is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, cycloaryl, or poly(alkyether),
X is a halide,
each of A is selected from
54
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RNH2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RSiR3, RR, RNCO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)wR, (C3H6O)wR, R and
55
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl, and
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate,
comprising the step of reacting substituted nanotubes having the formula RRm with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula RAm, where each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CH(R)OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3.
30. A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
XRam
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n, a is zero or an integer less than 10,
each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CH(R)OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX,
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
X is a halide,
X is a polynuclear aromatic, polyheteronuclear aromatic or metallopolyheteronuclear aromatic moiety,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl, and
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate,
comprising the step of adsorbing at least one appropriate macrocyclic compound onto the surface of the graphitic nanotube under conditions sufficient to form a functionalized nanotube having the formula XRam.
31. A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
X-Aam
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n, a is an integer less than 10,
each of A is selected from
56
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RNH2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RSiR3, RR, RNCO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH, C2H4O)wR, (C3H6O)wR, R and
57
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
X is a polynuclear aromatic, polyheteronuclear aromatic or metallopolyheteronuclear aromatic moiety,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200, comprising the steps of:
(a) adsorbing at least one appropriate macrocyclic compound onto the surface of the graphitic nanotube under conditions sufficient to form a substituted nanotube having the formula XRam, where each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3; and
(b) reacting the substituted nanotubes XRam with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form a functionalized nanotube having the formula X-Aam.
32. A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
X-Aam
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
wherein n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n, a is an integer less than 10,
each of A is selected from
58
Y is an appropriate functional group of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, an enzyme, an antibody, an oligonucleotide, a nucleotide, an antigen, or an enzyme substrate, enzyme inhibitor or the transition state analog of an enzyme substrate or is selected from ROH, RNH2, RSH, RCHO, RCN, RX, RSiR3, RR, RNCO, (C2H4OwH, C3H6OwH c2H4O)wR, (C3H6O)wR, R and
59
R is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide,
X is a polynuclear aromatic, polyheteronuclear aromatic or metallopolyheteronuclear aromatic moiety,
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate, and
w is an integer greater than one and less than 200,
comprising the step of reacting the substituted nanotubes XRam with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form a functionalized nanotube having the formula X-Aam, where each of R is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX, and y is an integer equal to or less than 3.
33. A method for forming a composition of matter of the formula
60
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
n is an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n and m is a number less that 0.5 n,
R is alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl or cycloaryl,
comprising the steps of:
reacting the surface carbons with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula COOH)m; and
reacting the functionized nanotubes with a compound having two or more amino groups under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes having the formula
61
34. A method of forming a composition of matter of the formula
Rm
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
n in an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n, m is a number less than 0.5 n,
each of R is the same and is selected from SO3H, COOH, NH2, OH, CH(R)OH, CHO, CN, COCl, halide, COSH, SH, COOR, SR, SiR3, SiORyR3y, SiOSiR2OR, R, Li, AlR2, HgX, TlZ2 and MgX,
y is an integer equal to or less than 3,
R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl or cycloaryl,
R is fluoroalkyl, fluoroaryl, fluorocycloalkyl or fluoroaralkyl,
X is a halide, and
Z is carboxylate or trifluoroacetate,
comprising the step of reacting the surface carbons with at least one enzyme capable of accepting the nanotube as a substrate and of performing a chemical reaction resulting in a composition of matter of the formula Rm, in aqueous suspension under conditions acceptable for the at least one enzyme to carry out the reaction.
35. The method of claim 34 wherein Rm is OH and the enzyme is a cytochrome p450 enzyme or a peroxidase.
36. A method for forming a composition of matter of the formula
NH2)m
wherein the carbon atoms, Cn, are surface carbons of a substantially cylindrical, graphitic nanotube,
n is in an integer, L is a number less than 0.1 n and m is a number less than 0.5 n,
comprising the steps of:
reacting the surface carbons with nitric acid and sulfuric acid to form nitrated nanotubes; and
reducing the nitrated nanotubes to form NH2)m.
37. A method of uniformly substituting the surface of carbon nanotubes with a functional group comprising contacting carbon nanotubes with an effective amount of reactant capable of uniformly substituting a functional group onto the surface of said carbon nanotubes.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein the reactant is a phthalocyanine.
39. The method of claim 38, wherein the reactant is nickel (II) phthalocyaninetetrasulfonic acid (tetrasodium salt) or 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octabutoxy-29H,31H-phthalocyanine.
40. A surface-modified carbon nanotube made by the method comprising contacting carbon nanotube with an effective amount of a reactant for substituting a functional group onto the surface of said carbon nanotube.
41. The surface-modified carbon nanotube of claim 40, wherein the reactant is a phthalocyanine.
42. The surface-modified carbon nanotube of claim 41, wherein the reactant is nickel (II) phthalocyaninetetra-sulfonic acid (tetrasodium salt) or 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octabutoxy-29H,31H-phthalocyanine.
43. A method for linking a protein to a nanotube comprising the steps of:
contacting a nanotube bearing an NHS ester group with a protein under conditions sufficient to form a covalent bond between the NHS ester and the amine group of the protein.
44. An electrode comprising functionalized nanotubes.
45. The electrode of claim 44 wherein the electrode is a porous flow through electrode.
46. An electrode as recited in claim 45, wherein the functionalized nanotubes are phthalocyanine substituted nanotubes.
47. A porous material comprising a multiplicity of functionalized nanotube networks, wherein said functionalized nanotube network comprise at least two functional fibrils linked at functional groups by at least one linker moiety, wherein said linker moiety is either bifunctional or polyfunctional.
48. A method for separating a solute of interest from a sample comprising the steps of:
physically or chemically modifying the surface carbons of a graphitic nanotube with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes;
immobilizing a substance capable of binding the solute of interest on the functionalized nanotubes; and
exposing the substituted nanotubes to the fraction containing the solute of interest under conditions sufficient for the solute of interest to bind the substance immobilized on the functionalized nanotubes.
49. The method of claim 48 wherein the solute of interest is a protein.
50. The method of claim 49, further comprising the step of recovering the functionalized nanotubes.
51. The method of claim 48, wherein the functionalized nanotubes are in the form of a porous mat.
52. The method of claim 48, wherein the functionalized nanotubes are in the form of a packed column.
53. The method of claim 48, wherein the binding is reversible.
54. The method of claim 48, wherein the binding is an ionic interaction.
55. The method of claim 48, wherein the binding is a hydrophobic interaction.
56. The method of claim 48, wherein the binding is through specific molecular recognition.
57. A polymer bead comprising an essentially spherical bead with a diameter of less than 25 to which is linked a plurality of functionalized nanotubes.
58. The polymer bead of claim 57 wherein the bead is magnetic.
59. A method for catalyzing a reaction wherein at least one reactant is converted to at least one product comprising the steps of:
physically or chemically modifying the surface carbons of a graphitic nanotube with at least one appropriate reagent under conditions sufficient to form functionalized nanotubes;
immobilizing a biocatalyst capable of catalyzing a reaction on the functionalized nanotubes; and
contacting the functionalized nanotubes with the reactant(s) under conditions sufficient for the reactants(s) to be converted to the product(s).
60. The method of claim 59, further comprising the step of recovering the functionalized nanotubes after the reaction is complete.
61. The method of claim 59 wherein the functionalized nanotubes are in the form of a porous mat.
62. The method of claim 59 wherein the functionalized nanotubes are in the form of a packed column.
63. A method for synthesizing a peptide comprising the step of attaching the terminal amino acid of the peptide to a nanotube via a reversible linker.
64. The method of claim 63 wherein the linker is 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenoxyacetic acid.