1. A compound having the structural formula:
or a salt thereof, wherein:
R4, R5, R6, R7, R8 and R9 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, substituted lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, substituted lower alkynyl, alkylalkenyl, alkyl alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, acyl, aryloxy, amino, amido, carboxyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocycle, heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkylcycloheteroalkyl, nitro, or cyano;
R10 is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, or acyl;
x is CR11;
y is CR12 or N;
z is CR13 or N;
r is CR14 or N;
x\u2032 is CR15;
y\u2032 is CR16 or N;
z\u2032 is CR17 or N;
r\u2032 is CR18 or N; and
R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, alkylalkenyl, alkyl alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, acyl, aryloxy, amino, amido, carboxyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocycle, heteroaryl, substituted heterocycle, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkylcycloalkyl, alkylcycloheteroalkyl, nitro, or cyano;
wherein at least one of y, z, r, y\u2032, z\u2032 or r\u2032 is N.
2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:
x is CR11;
y is CR12;
z is CR13;
r is N;
x\u2032 is CR15;
y\u2032 is CR16;
z\u2032 is CR17; and
r\u2032 is N.
3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:
R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are independently hydrogen or halogen.
4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:
R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are each hydrogen.
5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:
R5, R6, R7, R8, and R9 are independently hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl, amino, carboxyl, or nitro.
6. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:
R5, R6, R7, R8, and R9 are independently hydrogen, halogen, lower alkyl or carboxyl.
7. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:
R5, R6, R7, R8, and R9 are independently hydrogen, halogen or lower alkyl.
8. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:
R6 is hydrogen or halogen;
R9 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; and
R5, R7, R8 and R10 are each hydrogen.
9. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:
R4 is hydrogen or acyl.
10. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:
R4 is hydrogen.
11. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:
x is CR11;
y is CR12;
z is CR13;
r is N;
x\u2032 is CR15;
y\u2032 is CR16;
z\u2032 is CR17;
r\u2032 is N;
R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are each hydrogen;
R5, R6, R7, R8, and R9 are independently hydrogen, halogen or lower alkyl, and
R4 is hydrogen or acyl.
12. The compound according to claim 11, wherein:
R4 is hydrogen.
13. The compound according to claim 1, wherein:
x is CR11;
y is CR12;
z is CR13;
r is N;
x\u2032 is CR15;
y\u2032 is CR16;
z\u2032 is CR17;
r\u2032 is N;
R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17 and R18 are each hydrogen;
R6 is hydrogen or halogen;
R9 is hydrogen or lower alkyl;
R5, R7, R8 and R10 are each hydrogen, and
R4 is hydrogen or acyl.
14. The compound according to claim 13, wherein:
R4 is hydrogen.
15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1-54. (canceled)
55. An electrode for use in at least one of a fuel cell and an electrolysis cell, the electrode comprising:
a metal electrical conductor arranged to be electrically coupled in an electrical circuit, said metal electrical conductor being formed of copper or a copper alloy or aluminum or an aluminum alloy;
an electrically conductive coating on the entirety of said metal electrical conductor, said electrically conductive coating operative to mutually seal a liquid in said cell and said electrical conductor from each other.
56. An electrode according to claim 55 and also comprising at least one surface adapted for biofilm growth on a surface thereof which is in liquid communication with said liquid and is in electrical communication with said metal electrical conductor via said electrically conductive coating.
57. An electrode according to claim 55 and wherein said electrically conductive coating is adapted for biofilm growth.
58. An electrode according to claim 55 and wherein said metal electrical conductor is a coated metal electrical conductor and said electrically conductive coating comprises an electrically conductive coating formed onto said metal electrical conductor.
59. An electrode according to claim 56 and wherein said at least one surface adapted for biofilm growth is defined by cylindrical surfaces of a multiplicity of elongate elements formed of conductive plastic and extending generally radially outwardly from said metal electrical conductor.
60. An electrode according to claim 59 and wherein said metal electrical conductor is twisted to retain multiple ones of said multiplicity of elongate elements in bunches along an elongate extent thereof.
61. An electrode according to claim 59 and wherein said elongate elements are non-metallic electrical conductors having electrical conductivity less than that of said metal electrical conductor.
62. An electrode according to claim 59 and wherein said elongate elements are formed of conductive plastic.
63. An electrode according to claim 59 and wherein said elongate elements are formed of graphite fibers.
64. An electrode according to claim 56 and wherein said at least one surface adapted for biofilm growth is defined by a multiple vane element surrounded by a loosely wound helical element formed of conductive plastic and extending generally radially outwardly from said metal electrical conductor.
65. An electrode according to claim 55 and wherein said metal electrical conductor is in the form of a wire.
66. An electrode according to claim 55 and wherein said metal electrical conductor is in the form of a cable.
67. An electrode according to claim 55 and wherein said metal electrical conductor is in the form of a rod.
68. An electrode according to claim 56 and wherein said at least one surface adapted for biofilm growth is defined by a fabric overlying a surface of said electrically conductive coating.
69. An electrode according to claim 56 and wherein said electrically conductive coating comprises an electrically conductive sheet.
70. An electrode according to claim 69 and wherein said metal electrical conductor is in the form of a foil.
71. An electrode according to claim 69 and wherein said metal electrical conductor is in the form of a wire grid.
72. An electrode according to claim 69 and wherein said metal electrical conductor is in the form of a perforated planar element.
73. An electrode according to claim 69 and wherein said metal electrical conductor is in the form of a generally parallel array of wires.
74. (canceled)
75. An electrode according to claim 55 and wherein said electrically conductive coating is formed of a conductive plastic.
76-90. (canceled)
91. A bacterial fuel cell including at least one electrode according to claim 55.