1. A method in a diversity antenna Gaussian Minimum Shift Keyed (GMSK) receiver of determining interference canceling equalizers, the method comprising:
providing a plurality of GMSK received signals;
de-rotating and splitting each of the plurality of GMSK received signals into in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) parts to provide a multiplicity of real valued branches;
calculating linear equalizers including calculating corresponding filter taps for each of a multiplicity of subsets of the multiplicity of real valued branches; and
providing an interference canceling equalizer for each of the multiplicity of real valued branches, each interference canceling equalizer corresponding to a weighted combination of the linear equalizers.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
determining corresponding weighting factors associated with each of the interference canceling equalizers; and
wherein the providing an interference canceling equalizer for each of the multiplicity of real valued branches, each interference canceling equalizer corresponding to a weighted combination of the linear equalizers further comprises weighting the linear equalizers in accordance with the corresponding weighting factors.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
finding an error sequence corresponding to the linear equalizers for each of the multiplicity of subsets to provide a multiplicity of error sequences, the error sequence depending on a training sequence; and
wherein the providing each of the interference canceling equalizers further comprises weighting the linear equalizers dependent on relationships among the multiplicity of the error sequences.
4. The method of claim 3 further comprising:
determining correlations between the multiplicity of error sequences corresponding to the linear equalizers for each of the multiplicity of subsets; and
determining, using the correlations, corresponding weighting parameters for weighting the linear equalizers to provide the interference canceling equalizer for each of the multiplicity of real valued branches.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the calculating linear equalizers comprises determining a multiplicity of filter taps for each equalizer and a timing parameter for each subset.
6. The method of claim 1:
wherein the providing a plurality of GMSK received signals further comprises providing a first and a second GMSK received signal, each including a training symbol sequence;
wherein the de-rotating and splitting comprises de-rotating and splitting each of the first and the second GMSK received signals into corresponding in-phase and quadrature parts to provide four real valued branches; and
wherein the calculating linear equalizers including calculating corresponding filter taps comprises calculating two equalizers including calculating corresponding filter taps for each pair of four pairs of the four real valued branches.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the calculating linear equalizers further comprises calculating the linear equalizers at each of a plurality of time trials to determine a timing parameter associated with each of the multiplicity of subsets.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the timing parameter is selected as the timing trial that minimizes a timing error value.
9. A method of interference cancellation in a diversity Gaussian Minimum Shift Keyed (GMSK) receiver, the method comprising:
providing a first and a second GMSK received signal from a, respective, first and second antenna, each of the first and the second GMSK received signal including a training symbol sequence;
de-rotating and splitting the first and the second GMSK received signal into, respective and corresponding in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) parts to provide four real valued branches;
calculating first and second linear equalizers including calculating corresponding filter taps for each of four unique pairs of branches selected from the four real valued branches to provide eight linear equalizers; and
providing an interference canceling equalizer for each of the four real valued branches, each interference canceling equalizer corresponding to a weighted combination of two of the eight linear equalizers; and
processing one of the four real valued branches to cancel interference.
10. The method of claim 9 further comprising:
determining corresponding weighting factors associated with each of the interference canceling equalizers; and
wherein the providing an interference canceling equalizer for each of the four real valued branches, each interference canceling equalizer corresponding to a weighted combination of two of the eight linear equalizers further comprises weighting the two of the eight linear equalizers in accordance with the corresponding weighting factors.
11. The method of claim 9 further comprising:
finding an error sequence corresponding to the first and second linear equalizers for each of the four unique pairs of branches to provide four error sequences; and
wherein the providing each of the interference canceling equalizers further comprises weighting the linear equalizers dependent on relationships among the four error sequences.
12. The method of claim 11 further comprising:
determining correlations between the four error sequences; and
determining, using the correlations, corresponding weighting parameters for weighting the two of the eight linear equalizers to provide the interference canceling equalizer for each of the four real valued branches.
13. The method of claim 9 wherein the calculating first and second linear equalizers including calculating corresponding filter taps further comprises determining a plurality of filter taps for each linear equalizer and a timing parameter for the first and the second linear equalizer for each unique pair of branches.
14. The method of claim 9 wherein the calculating first and second linear equalizers including calculating corresponding filter taps further comprises calculating the first and second linear equalizers for each of the four unique pairs at each of a plurality of time trials to determine a timing parameter associated with the first and second linear equalizer for each of the four unique pairs.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the timing parameter is selected as the timing trial that minimizes a timing error value determined over a known training sequence.
16. The method of claim 9 wherein the calculating and the providing are performed using the training sequence observations corresponding to the first and the second GMSK received signal as compared to a known training sequence.
17. The method of claim 9 wherein the calculating first and second linear equalizers including calculating corresponding filter taps is performed over a plurality of time trials and further comprises iteratively calculating the first and second linear equalizer including calculating corresponding filter taps at a next time trial relying on relationships between the eight equalizers over the plurality of time trials.
18. An interference canceling equalizer in a diversity Gaussian Minimum Shift Keyed (GMSK) receiver, the interference canceling equalizer comprising,
eight linear equalizers processing four branch signals corresponding to real (I) and quadrature (Q) parts of a diversity signal comprising two GMSK received signals from two antennas, wherein the eight linear equalizers including corresponding filter taps are calculated from four pairs of the four branch signals, with each pair having an associated timing parameter determined during calculation of two linear equalizers corresponding to the pair; and
a weighting function for weighting the outputs from linear equalizers as adjusted by the associated timing parameter for each pair of the four branch signals to provide four weighted soft symbols corresponding, respectively, to the four pairs; and
a combiner for combining the four weighted soft symbols to provide soft symbols for the diversity signal.
19. An interference canceling equalizer in a diversity Gaussian Minimum Shift Keyed (GMSK) receiver, the interference canceling equalizer comprising,
four canceling equalizers processing four branch signals corresponding to real (I) and quadrature (Q) parts of a diversity signal, the diversity signal comprising two GMSK received signals from two antennas, to provide soft symbols corresponding to each of the four branch signals, the four canceling equalizers determined as a weighted combination of linear equalizers, where the linear equalizers including corresponding filter taps are calculated for four different respective pairs of the branch signals and a timing parameter is calculated for each pair; and
a combiner for combining the soft symbols corresponding to each of the four branch signals, to provide soft symbols corresponding to the diversity signal.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1-46. (canceled)
47. A process for forming a performance film having a dielectric constant of 3.7 or less, the process comprising:
providing a mixture of an at least one chemical reagent comprising:
an at least one silica source;
a carboxylate selected from the group consisting of a carboxylic acid, a carboxylate anion, a carboxylic acid ester, or combinations thereof; and
an at least one porogen comprising from about 5 weight percent to about 75 weight percent ethylene oxide groups;
provided that if the at least one chemical reagent has a metal impurity level of 1 ppm or greater then the at least one chemical reagent is purified prior to adding to the mixture;
depositing the mixture onto a substrate to form a coated substrate; and
curing the coated substrate to one or more temperatures and for a time sufficient to form said performance film.
48. The process of claim 47 wherein the at least one porogen comprises from about 5 weight percent to about 55 weight percent ethylene oxide groups.
49. The process of claim 47 wherein the temperature of the curing step is 450\xb0 C. or less.
50. The process of claim 47 wherein the time of the curing step is 30 minutes or less.
51. The process of claim 47 wherein the mixture further comprises an ionic additive.
52. The process of claim 47 wherein the at least one silica source comprises at least one carboxylic acid ester bonded to the Si atom.
53. A process for forming a performance film having a dielectric constant of 3.7 or less, the process comprising:
providing a mixture of an at least one chemical reagent comprising an at least one silica source, an at least one porogen, and about 5000 ppm or less of an ionic additive;
depositing the mixture onto a substrate to form a coated substrate; and
curing the coated substrate to one or more temperatures and for a time sufficient to form said performance film;
provided that if the at least one chemical reagent has a metal impurity level of 1 ppm or greater then the step of purifying the at least one chemical reagent is conducted prior to adding the at least one chemical reagent to the mixture.
54. The process of claim 53 wherein the purifying step comprises contacting the at least one chemical reagent with an at least one ion exchange compound.
55. The process of claim 54 wherein the at least one chemical reagent is passed through an at least one ion exchange column comprising the at least one ion exchange compound.
56. The process of claim 53 wherein the purifying step comprises:
dissolving the at least one chemical reagent in a solvent to provide a solution;
passing the solution through an at least one ion exchange column comprising an at least one ion exchange compound to provide an effluent; and
removing the solvent from the effluent to provide at least one purified chemical reagent.
57. The process of claim 56 wherein the removing step comprises rotovapping the effluent.
58. The process of claim 56 wherein the removing step is conducted under vacuum pressure and at a temperature that is within about 20\xb0 C. of the boiling point of the solvent.
59. A process for forming a performance film having a dielectric constant of 3.7 or less, the process comprising:
providing a mixture of an at least one chemical reagent comprising:
an at least one silica source; and
an at least one porogen wherein the at least one porogen comprises from about 5 to about 75 weight percent of ethylene oxide groups
provided that if the at least one chemical reagent has a metal impurity level of 1 ppm or greater then a step of purifying the at least one chemical reagent is conducted prior to adding the at least one chemical reagent to the mixture;
depositing the mixture onto a substrate to form a coated substrate; and
curing the coated substrate to one or more temperatures and for a time sufficient to form said performance film.
60. The process of claim 59 wherein the mixture further comprises an ionic additive.
61. A process for forming a performance film having a dielectric constant of 3.7 or less, the process comprising:
providing a mixture of an at least one chemical reagent comprising:
an at least one silica source;
an at least one porogen; and
a strong acid catalyst in an amount sufficient to adjust a pAcid value of the mixture to a range of from about 2.2 to about 9;
depositing the mixture onto a substrate to form a coated substrate; and
curing the coated substrate to one or more temperatures and for a time sufficient to form said performance film.
62. The process of claim 61 wherein the at least one chemical reagent has a metal impurity level below 1 ppm.
63. The process of claim 62 wherein the mixture further comprises an ionic additive.
64. The process of claim 61 wherein the providing step comprises:
decreasing the pAcid value of the mixture to a range of from about 1 to about 2.2 to at least partially hydrolyze the at least one silica source; and
increasing the pAcid value of the mixture to a range of from about 2.2 to about 9 to at least partially condense the at least one silica source.
65. The process of claim 61 wherein the providing step comprises:
preparing a first solution comprising the at least one silica source, water, and an at least one solvent wherein the at least one silica source is at least partially hydrolyzed;
preparing a second solution comprising the at least one silica source, water, the strong acid catalyst, and at least a portion of the first solution wherein the strong acid catalyst is dissolved in water;
adding the at least one porogen and an ionic additive to the second solution to form the mixture wherein the at least one porogen is optionally dissolved in the solvent.
66. The process of claim 61 wherein the providing step comprises:
preparing a first solution comprising an at least one solvent and the at least one silica source;
preparing a second solution comprising the at least one porogen and at least a portion of the first solution wherein the at least one porogen is optionally dissolved in an at least one solvent;
adding water to the second solution to provide a third solution;
adding the strong acid catalyst to the third solution wherein the strong acid catalyst is dissolved in water prior to adding to form a fourth solution;
adding the ionic additive to the fourth solution to form the mixture wherein the ionic additive comprises a strong base and is dissolved in water prior to the third adding step.