1. A rock and concrete breaking (fracturing-demolishing-splitting) system comprising:
a chemical mixture comprising potassium chlorate with ratio of 55-70% by weight of mixture; ammonium oxalate with ratio of 15-30% by weight of mixture; sugar or lactose or starch or any combination of them with ratio of 15-20% by weight of mixture; boron oxide (boroxide) (B2O3) with ratio of 5-10% by weight of mixture; borax decahydrate (Na2B4O7.10H2O) with ratio of 3-5% by weight of mixture;
an activation component placed inside andor in contact directly or indirectly with the chemical mixture, wherein the activation component is configured to activate the chemical mixture to burn and expand; and
an activation system configured to activate the activation component wherein when the activation system activates the activation component, the activation component activates the chemical mixture that causes chemical mixture to burn and expand.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the activation system further comprises a hardware, the hardware comprises at least one mobile unit and a main unit.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the activation system further comprises a software to receive an input data and control the activation component.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the activation system is configured to produce 0.1-100 V voltage, and 100 umA-5000 A current under AC or DC voltage.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the activation component is selected from a group consisting of metal oxide based activation components, silicium or germanium based activation components, diode or zener diode based activation components, resistors based activation components, Cu, Al, Ag, Au, or Pt wire based activation components, capacitors based activation components, and paper or wood materials based activation components.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the activation component comprises metal oxide varistors.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A fuel-cell stack, comprising:
a layer-stacked structure of a first cell and a second cell, wherein each cell includes
a membrane electrode assembly having a polyelectrolyte membrane, and an anode and a cathode arranged so as to sandwich the polyelectrolyte membrane, wherein the anode and the cathode each comprise a catalytic layer formed on a surface of the polyelectrolyte membrane and a gas diffusion layer formed on an outer surface of the catalytic layer, and
a pair of separators having groove portions formed on surfaces thereof, the separators being arranged so as to interpose the membrane electrode assembly therebetween and so as to form gas flow passages by bringing the surfaces having the grooved portions into contact with the gas diffusion layers, respectively,
wherein each gas diffusion layer includes a gas-diffusion-layer base material, wherein (a) the gas-diffusion-layer base material of each anode of the first and second cells comprises a first direction and an elongation such that the gas-diffusion-layer base materials have elongation variations that are different in the anode of the first cell and the anode of the second cell in the first direction, or (b) the gas-diffusion-layer base material of each cathode of the first and second cells comprises a first direction and an elongation such that the gas-diffusion-layer base materials have elongation variations that are different in the cathode of the first cell and the cathode of the second cell in the first direction,
wherein the first direction is both (i) parallel to the surfaces having the grooved portions and (ii) perpendicular to a primary direction of flow in the gas flow passages.
2. The fuel-cell stack as defined in claim 1, wherein the elongation variations of the gas-diffusion-layer base material of the gas diffusion layers of each of the anodes of the first and second cells are within \xb130% of each other with respect to the first direction.
3. The fuel-cell stack as defined in claim 1, wherein the elongation variations of the gas-diffusion-layer base material of the gas diffusion layers of each of the anodes of the first and second cells are within \xb130% of each other with respect to the first direction, and wherein the elongation variations of the gas-diffusion-layer base material of the gas diffusion layers of each of the cathodes of the first and second cells are within \xb130% of each other with respect to the first direction.
4. The fuel-cell stack as defined in claim 1, wherein the elongation variations are within \xb130% of each other with respect to a second direction which is both (i) parallel to the surfaces having the grooved portions and (ii) parallel to the primary direction of flow in the gas flow passages.
5. The fuel-cell stack as defined in claim 1, wherein the elongation variations are within \xb110% of each other with respect to the first direction.
6. The fuel-cell stack as defined in claim 5, wherein the elongation variations are within \xb120% of each other with respect to a second direction which is both (i) parallel to the surfaces having the grooved portions and (ii) parallel to the primary direction of flow in the gas flow passages.
7. The fuel-cell stack as defined in claim 1, wherein elongations of each of the gas-diffusion-layer base materials of the first and second cells are anisotropic with respect to the first direction, and with respect to a second direction which is both (i) parallel to the surfaces having the grooved portions and (ii) parallel to the primary direction of flow in the gas flow passages.
8. The fuel-cell stack as defined in claim 7, wherein the anisotropic elongations are such that an elongation in one of the first and second directions is 60% or more larger than an elongation in the other of the first and second directions.
9. The fuel-cell stack as defined in claim 7, wherein the anisotropic elongations are such that an elongation in the first direction is smaller than an elongation in the second direction.
10. The fuel-cell stack as defined in claim 1, wherein the gas-diffusion-layer base materials are formed from carbon fiber woven cloth.
11. A fuel cell comprising:
the fuel-cell stack as defined in claim 1; and
a fuel supply unit for feeding both the first cell and the second cell of the stack.
12. The fuel-cell stack as defined in claim 1, wherein the gas-diffusion-layer base materials are formed from carbon fiber nonwoven cloth.
13. The fuel-cell stack as defined in claim 1, wherein the elongation variations of the gas-diffusion-layer base material of the gas diffusion layers of each of the cathodes of the first and second cells are within \xb130% of each other with respect to the first direction.