1. A method of assessing the risk of occurrence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in a subject infected with HIV, the method comprising detecting the level of T cells expressing L-selectin (CD62L) in a sample from the subject, wherein a decreased level of CD62L expressing T cells, relative to a threshold value, indicates an increased risk of occurrence of PML.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the threshold value is based on the level of CD62L expressing T cells in a control sample.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising detecting the level of at least one of T cells expressing P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) and T cells expressing lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) in the sample, wherein a decreased level of at least one of PSGL-1 and LFA-1 expressing T cells, relative to a threshold value, indicates an increased risk of occurrence of PML.
4. (canceled)
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the subject is undergoing Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART).
6-8. (canceled)
9. The method of claim 3, wherein the threshold value of PSGL-1 is based on the level of PSGL-1 expressing T cells in a control sample, and wherein the threshold value of LFA-1 is based on the level of LFA-1 expressing T cells in a control sample.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein detecting the level of CD62L expressing T cells comprises detecting at least one of:
(i) the number of T cells in the sample from the subject that have CD62L on the cell surface,
(ii) the amount of CD62L present on T cells of the sample from the subject, and
(iii) the amount of nucleic acid formation from the SELL gene encoding CD62L in T cells of the sample from the subject.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein (i) detecting the number of T cells in the sample that have CD62L on the cell surface or (ii) detecting the amount of CD62L present on T cells of the sample comprises contacting T cells inof the sample with a binding partner, wherein the binding partner is specific for CD62L, and detecting the amount of the binding partner binding to CD62L.
12-13. (canceled)
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises determining the migration of CD45+CD49d+ immune cells.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the immune cells are T cells.
16-21. (canceled)
22. A method of stratifying a subject having HIV infection, the method comprising detecting the level of T cells expressing CD62L and, optionally, at least one of PSGL-1 and LFA-1 in a sample from the subject.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the subject is undergoing Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART).
24. The method of claim 22, wherein the threshold value of CD62L is based on the level of CD62L expressing T cells in a control sample, wherein the threshold value of PSGL-1 is based on the level of PSGL-1 expressing T cells in a control sample, and wherein the threshold value of LFA-1 is based on the level of LFA-1 expressing T cells in a control sample.
25. The method of claim 22, wherein detecting the level of CD62L expressing T cells comprises detecting at least one of:
(i) the number of T cells in the sample from the subject that have CD62L on the cell surface,
(ii) the amount of CD62L present on T cells of the sample from the subject, and
(iii) the amount of nucleic acid formation from the SELL gene encoding CD62L in T cells of the sample from the subject,
wherein detecting the level of PSGL-1 expressing T cells comprises detecting at least one of:
(i) the number of T cells in the sample from the subject that have PSGL-1 on the cell surface,
(ii) the amount of PSGL-1 present on T cells of the sample from the subject, and
(iii) the amount of nucleic acid formation from the SELPLG gene encoding PSGL-1 in T cells of the sample from the subject,
wherein detecting the level of LFA-1 expressing T cells comprises detecting at least one of:
(i) the number of T cells in the sample from the subject that have LFA-1 on the cell surface,
(ii) the amount of LFA-1 present on T cells of the sample from the subject, and
(iii) the amount of nucleic acid formation from the ITGAL gene encoding CD11A and the ITGB2 gene encoding CD18 in T cells of the sample from the subject.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein (i) detecting the number of T cells in the sample that have CD62L, LFA-1 or PSGL-1 on the cell surface or (ii) detecting the amount of CD62L, LFA-1 or PSGL-1 present on T cells of the sample comprises contacting T cells inof the sample with a binding partner, the binding partner being specific for CD62L, LFA-1 or PSGL-1, and detecting the amount of the binding partner binding to CD62L, LFA-1 or PSGL-1.
27. The method of claim 22, comprising repeatedly detecting the level of at least one of CD62L expressing T cells, LFA-1 expressing T cells and PSGL-1 expressing T cells in a sample from the subject.
28. The method of claim 22, wherein detecting the number of T cells in the sample from the subject that have CD62L on the cell surface comprises determining the number of T cells in the sample that do not have CD62L on the cell surface.
29. The method of claim 22, wherein the sample is one of a blood sample, a blood cell sample, a lymph sample and a sample of cerebrospinal fluid.
30. The method of claim 22, wherein the T cells are CD3+ T cells.
31. The method of claim 22, wherein the T cells are at least one of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells.
32-84. (canceled)
85. A kit comprising a first container that includes an immunoglobulin or a proteinaceous binding molecule with immunoglobulin-like functions specific for CD62L, a second container that includes an immunoglobulin or a proteinaceous binding molecule with immunoglobulin-like functions specific for CD3, and a third container that includes an immunoglobulin or a proteinaceous binding molecule with immunoglobulin-like functions specific for at least one of CD4 and CD8.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of providing multimedia ring back (\u201cMMRB\u201d) for a voice-call (\u201cVC\u201d), comprising:
in response to an indication that a caller is inviting a callee to join a voice-call with said caller, invoking said MMRB for VC service;
in response to said invoking:
generating a Request media message;
communicating said Request media message to a multimedia-resource management module;
receiving a Response media message having a reference to a selected multimedia-content resource, wherein said reference identifies a multimedia-content resource hosted on a multimedia distributor;
communicating to said caller, an Unstructured Supplementary Service Request (USSR) that includes said reference, wherein said caller (i) uses the reference to connect to said multimedia distributor, and (ii) initiates a multimedia communication session with said multimedia distributor,
wherein said multimedia communication session proceeds in parallel with an ongoing voice-session establishment process;
in response to a message indicating acceptance of said voice-call by said callee, ending said multimedia communication session, and initiating said voice-call between said caller and said callee; and
in response to an indication from said caller, and upon receiving a signal indicating that said voice-call has been terminated, establishing a multimedia communication session between said caller and said multimedia distributor for said selected multimedia content resource to facilitate further information or service acquisition associated with said selected multimedia content resource.
2. A system for providing multimedia ring back (\u201cMMRB\u201d) for a voice-call (\u201cVC\u201d), comprising:
an MMRB for VC control module; and
a service control point (\u201cSCP\u201d) gateway operatively connected to said MMRB for VC control module and adapted to interface said MMRB for VC control module with external network components,
an unstructured supplementary service data (\u201cUSSD\u201d) gateway operatively connected to said MMRB for VC control module and adapted to interface said MMRB for VC control module with USSD enabled devices;
wherein said MMRB for VC control module responds to an indication that a caller is inviting a callee to join a voice-call with said caller and acceptance of said voice-call is pending, by:
generating a Request media message;
communicating said Request media message to a multimedia-resource management module;
receiving a Response media message having a reference to a selected multimedia-content resource, wherein said reference identifies a multimedia-content resource hosted on a multimedia distributor;
communicating to said caller, an Unstructured Supplementary Service Request (USSR) that includes said reference, wherein said caller (i) uses the reference to connect to said multimedia distributor, and (ii) initiates a multimedia communication session with said multimedia distributor;
in response to a message indicating acceptance of said voice-call by said callee, ending said multimedia communication session, and initiating said voice-call between said caller and said callee; and
in response to an indication from said caller, and upon receiving a signal indicating that said voice-call has been terminated, establishing a multimedia communication session between said caller and said multimedia distributor for said selected multimedia content resource to facilitate further information or service acquisition associated with said selected multimedia content resource.