1460721408-c12e67f7-bec7-4db2-9748-12c4cb9a37d1

1. An organic photovoltaic cell comprising:
an aluminum substrate;
a layer of titania nanoparticles, each having a diameter of less than about fifty nanometers, the layer of titania nanoparticles being disposed on a top surface of the aluminum substrate;
a first polymer layer disposed on the aluminum substrate, the first polymer layer contacting the titania nanoparticles;
a second polymer layer disposed on the first polymer layer, a layer of metal nanowires disposed above the first polymer layer and in contact with the second polymer layer.
2. The organic photovoltaic cell as recited in claim 1, wherein the first polymer layer comprises an electron acceptor and the second polymer layer comprises an electron donor.
3. The organic photovoltaic cell as recited in claim 1, wherein the first polymer layer comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) and the second polymer layer comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS).
4. A method for forming an electronic device using solution processing, the method comprising:
coating a top surface of an aluminum substrate with a suspension of titania nanoparticles in a liquid, wherein the titania nanoparticles have a diameter of less than about fifty nanometers;
permitting the liquid to evaporate to leave a layer of the titania nanoparticles on the top surface;
pressing the titania nanoparticles into the top surface while maintaining the aluminum substrate at a temperature below about eighty degrees centigrade.
5. The method as recited in claim 4, further comprising removing at least a portion of the top surface from the aluminum substrate directly prior to the step of coating.
6. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein the liquid has a boiling point and the step of permitting increases the aluminum substrate to a temperature above the boiling point of the liquid.
7. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein the step of pressing applies a pressure of at least 2000 psi.
8. The method as recited in claim 4, wherein the liquid is water.
9. The method as recited in claim 4, further comprising coating a first polymer in first liquid medium on the aluminum substrate and permitting the first liquid medium to evaporate to form a first polymer layer such that the first polymer layer contacts the titania nanoparticles.
10. The method as recited in claim 9, further comprising coating a second polymer in second liquid medium on the first polymer layer and permitting the second liquid medium to evaporate to form a second polymer layer such that the second polymer layer contacts the first polymer layer.
11. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein the first polymer layer comprises an electron acceptor and the second polymer layer comprises an electron donor.
12. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein the first polymer layer comprises poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) and the second polymer layer comprises poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS).
13. The method as recited in claim 10, further comprising coating metal nanowires in a third liquid medium on the second polymer layer and permitting the third liquid medium to evaporate to form a metal nanowire layer such that the metal nanowire layer contacts the second polymer layer.
14. The method as recited in claim 13, wherein the metal nanowires are silver nanowires.
15. A titania-embedded aluminum substrate formed by the method as recited in claim 5.

The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.

1. A low pressure EGR apparatus applied to an internal combustion engine having a supercharger installed in an intake and exhaust system, wherein the low pressure EGR apparatus recirculates a portion of exhaust gas, which has passed through an exhaust gas purifying device provided in an exhaust passage of the internal combustion engine, to an intake passage at a location that is on an upstream side of a compressor of the supercharger, as low pressure EGR gas, the low pressure-EGR apparatus comprising:
a low pressure EGR passage that connects between a portion of the exhaust passage, which is located on a downstream side of the exhaust gas purifying device, and a portion of the intake passage, which is located on an upstream side of the compressor;
a low pressure EGR valve that adjusts a flow quantity of the low pressure EGR gas to be recirculated into the intake passage through the low pressure EGR passage;
a valve drive device that drives the low pressure EGR valve;
a throttle valve that is installed in one of the exhaust passage and the intake passage, wherein the throttle valve reduces an opening degree of the one of the exhaust passage and the intake passage to increase the flow quantity of the low pressure EGR gas to be recirculated into the intake passage;
a synchronizing mechanism that drives the throttle valve in a closing direction for closing the one of the exhaust passage and the intake passage synchronously with a valve opening movement of the low pressure EGR valve, which is a rotational movement of the low pressure EGR valve in an opening direction for opening the low pressure EGR passage, wherein the synchronizing mechanism drives the throttle valve in an opening direction for opening the one of the exhaust passage and the intake passage synchronously with a valve closing movement of the low pressure EGR valve, which is a rotational movement of the low pressure EGR valve in a closing direction for closing the low pressure EGR passage, wherein the synchronizing mechanism includes a drive plate that is rotated integrally with the low pressure EGR valve, a driven plate that is rotated integrally with the throttle valve, and a cam mechanism that transmits rotation of the drive plate to the driven plate;
a failure mode setting mechanism that sets a failure mode by limiting rotation of the throttle valve and rotation of the low pressure EGR valve and sets the failure mode in a state where coupling between the drive plate and the driven plate is released due to malfunction of the cam mechanism; and
a failure mode determining device that determines whether the failure mode is set based on a rotational position of the low pressure EGR valve, wherein:
the failure mode setting mechanism includes:
a spring that urges the throttle valve in an opposite direction, which is opposite from the closing direction of the throttle valve for closing the one of the exhaust passage and the intake passage synchronously with the valve opening movement of the low pressure EGR valve;
a throttle valve side stopper that mechanically stops the throttle valve at a predetermined rotational position when the throttle valve is urged by the spring and is thereby rotated; and
a valve side stopper that mechanically stops rotation of the low pressure EGR valve in response to a stop position of the throttle valve;

the failure mode determining device includes a valve angle sensor that senses a rotational position of the low pressure EGR valve as a valve angle; and
the failure mode determining device determines that the failure mode is set in a case where the valve angle, which is sensed with the valve angle sensor, is the rotational position of the low pressure EGR valve, which is stopped by the valve side stopper, at a time of rotating the low pressure EGR valve from a full close position of the low pressure EGR valve, at which an opening degree of the low pressure EGR valve is minimum, to a full open position of the low pressure EGR valve, at which the opening degree of the low pressure EGR valve is maximum, wherein:
the throttle valve side stopper is placed to oppose the driven plate in a rotational direction of the driven plate for rotating the driven plate integrally with the throttle valve through urging of the throttle valve with the spring; and
the throttle valve stops at the predetermined rotational position when the driven plate contacts the throttle valve side stopper.
2. A low pressure EGR apparatus applied to an internal combustion engine having a supercharger installed in an intake and exhaust system, wherein the low pressure EGR apparatus recirculates a portion of exhaust gas, which has passed through an exhaust as purifying device provided in an exhaust passage of the internal combustion engine, to an intake passage at a location that is on an upstream side of a compressor of the supercharger, as low pressure EGR gas, the low pressure-EGR apparatus comprising:
a low pressure EGR passage that connects between a portion of the exhaust passage, which is located on a downstream side of the exhaust gas purifying device, and a portion of the intake passage, which is located on an upstream side of the compressor;
a low pressure EGR valve that adjusts a flow quantity of the low pressure EGR gas to be recirculated into the intake passage through the low pressure EGR passage;
a valve drive device that drives the low pressure EGR valve;
a throttle valve that is installed in one of the exhaust passage and the intake passage, wherein the throttle valve reduces an opening degree of the one of the exhaust passage and the intake passage to increase the flow quantity of the low pressure EGR gas to be recirculated into the intake passage;
a synchronizing mechanism that drives the throttle valve in a closing direction for closing the one of the exhaust passage and the intake passage synchronously with a valve opening movement of the low pressure EGR valve, which is a rotational movement of the low pressure EGR valve in an opening direction for opening the low pressure EGR passage, wherein the synchronizing mechanism drives the throttle valve in an opening direction for opening the one of the exhaust passage and the intake passage synchronously with a valve closing movement of the low pressure EGR valve, which is a rotational movement of the low pressure EGR valve in a closing direction for closing the low pressure EGR passage, wherein the synchronizing mechanism includes a drive plate that is rotated integrally with the low pressure EGR valve, a driven plate that is rotated integrally with the throttle valve, and a cam mechanism that transmits rotation of the drive plate to the driven plate;
a failure mode setting mechanism that sets a failure mode by limiting rotation of the throttle valve and rotation of the low pressure EGR valve and sets the failure mode in a state where coupling between the drive plate and the driven plate is released due to malfunction of the cam mechanism; and
a failure mode determining device that determines whether the failure mode is set based on a rotational position of the low pressure EGR valve, wherein:
the failure mode setting mechanism includes:
a spring that urges the throttle valve in an opposite direction, which is opposite from the closing direction of the throttle valve for closing the one of the exhaust passage and the intake passage synchronously with the valve opening movement of the low pressure EGR valve;
a throttle valve side stopper that mechanically stops the throttle valve at a predetermined rotational position when the throttle valve is urged by the spring and is thereby rotated; and
a valve side stopper that mechanically stops rotation o the low pressure EGR valve in response to a stop position of the throttle valve;

the insensitive zone is set by a portion of a cam profile of the cam groove, which is formed by an arc that has a constant length from a rotational center of the drive plate.
6. The low pressure EGR apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the predetermined rotational position, at which the rotation of the throttle valve is stopped by the throttle valve side stopper at a time of setting the failure mode, is between a full close position of the throttle valve, at which the opening degree of the throttle valve is minimum, and a full open position of the throttle valve, at which the opening degree of the throttle valve is maximum.
7. The low pressure EGR apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the valve side stopper mechanically stops the rotation of the low pressure EGR valve when the low pressure EGR valve is rotated from the full close position of the low pressure EGR valve toward the full open position of the low pressure EGR valve in a state where the throttle valve is kept stopped by the throttle valve side stopper.
8. The low pressure EGR apparatus according to claim 2, wherein:
the valve side stopper is placed to oppose the driven plate; and
the valve side stopper contacts the driven plate to stop rotation of the low pressure EGR valve at the time of rotating the low pressure EGR valve from the full close position of the low pressure EGR valve in the opening direction for opening the low pressure EGR passage in a state where the driven plate contacts the throttle valve side stopper to stop the throttle valve at the predetermined rotational position.
9. The low pressure EGR apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the predetermined rotational position, at which the rotation of the throttle valve is stopped by the throttle valve side stopper at a time of setting the failure mode, is between a full close position of the throttle valve, at which the opening degree of the throttle valve is minimum, and a full open position of the throttle valve, at which the opening degree of the throttle valve is maximum.
10. The low pressure EGR apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the valve side stopper mechanically stops the rotation of the low pressure EGR valve when the low pressure EGR valve is rotated from the full close position of the low pressure EGR valve toward the full open position of the low pressure EGR valve in a state where the throttle valve is kept stopped by the throttle valve side stopper.