1. A projector comprising:
an amplitude modulable laser for emission of a light beam onto a projection surface,
an optical switch connected after the amplitude modulable laser for intensity of modulation of the light beam emitted by the light source, and
a control unit to control an intensity modulation of the light source and the optical switch.
2. The projector according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is setup to control the optical switch, so that the light beam passed through the optical switch is modulated with an image information and is setup to control the light source, so that the light beam emitted by it is modulated with a dimming function.
3. The projector according to claim 2, wherein the dimming function includes a function of maximal energy density, referred to a brightest image spot.
4. The projector according to claim 2, wherein the dimming function includes a function of a variably adjustable energy density distribution.
5. The projector according to claim 2, wherein the dimming function includes a function of total image brightness.
6. The projector according to claim 2, wherein the image information includes a gray level information per pixel.
7. The projector according to claim 1, wherein the light source is a bandwidth-restricted laser.
8. The projector according to claim 7, wherein the light source is a green laser.
9. A method for projection of a light beam emitted by a light source onto a projection surface, the method comprising the following steps:
modulating the light source intensity of the light beam emitted by light source, and
modulating the light beam by means of an optical switch connected after the light source.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the step of modulating the light source intensity includes modulation with a dimming function and the step of modulating the light beam by means of the optical switch connected after the light source includes modulation with image information, especially a gray level range.
11. The method according to claim 9, wherein the step of modulating the light source intensity includes modulation with a function of maximal energy density, a function of variably adjustable energy density distribution, or a function of total image brightness.
12. The method according to claim 9, wherein the step of modulating the light source intensity includes modulation with a function of maximal energy density, a function of variably adjustable energy density distribution and a function of total image brightness.
13. A projector comprising:
an amplitude modulable laser,
an optical switch coupled with an output of the amplitude modulable laser for modulation of the light beam intensity, and
a control unit to control an intensity modulation of the light source and the optical switch.
14. The projector according to claim 13, wherein the control unit is operable to control the optical switch such that the light beam passing through the optical switch is modulated with an image information and is operable to control the light source such that the light beam is modulated with a dimming function.
15. The projector according to claim 14, wherein the dimming function includes a function of maximal energy density referred to a brightest image spot.
16. The projector according to claim 14, wherein the dimming function includes a function of a variably adjustable energy density distribution.
17. The projector according to claim 14, wherein the dimming function includes a function of total image brightness.
18. The projector according to claim 14, wherein the image information includes a gray level information per pixel.
19. The projector according to claim 13, wherein the light source is a bandwidth-restricted laser, especially a green laser.
20. The projector according to claim 19, wherein the light source is a green laser.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A process for the preparation of the compound of formula (I):
wherein R1 and R2 are independently H or C1-6 alkyl, which comprises treating with a reducing agent either a compound of formula (II):
wherein R3 is H or C1-4 alkyl and Ph is phenyl, or
a compound of formula (III):
the reducing agent being effective to cleave the benzyl moiety Ph-CH(R3)\u2014 from the benzylamino moiety PhCH(R3)NH\u2014 in the compound of the formula (II) or in the compound of the formula (III) to leave an amino group and, in addition, in the case of the compound of the formula (III), to reduce both the 2,3-double bond and the double bond joining the R1R2C\u2014 moiety to the 9-position of the benzonorbornene ring to single bonds.
2. A process for the preparation of the compound of formula (II)
wherein R1 and R2 are independently H or C1-6 alkyl, R3 is H or C1-4alkyl and Ph is phenyl, which comprises
(A reacting a compound of formula (IV):
wherein X is chloro or bromo, with a benzylamine of formula (V):
in the presence of a base and a catalytic amount of at least one palladium complex or
(B) treating a compound of formula (III):
with a reducing agent, the reducing agent being effective to reduce both the 2,3-double bond and the double bond joining the R1R2C\u2014 moiety to the 9-position of the benzonorbornene ring to single bonds but to leave the PhCH(R3)NH\u2014 moiety intact.
3. A process for the preparation of the compound of formula (III)
wherein R1 and R2 are independently H or C1-6 alkyl, R3 is H or C1-4 alkyl and Ph is phenyl, which comprises reacting a compound of formula (VI):
wherein X is chloro or bromo, with a benzylamine of formula (V):
in the presence of a base and a catalytic amount of at least one palladium complex.
4. The process for the preparation of the compound of formula (II) as defined in claim 2 which comprises treating a compound of formula (III):
with a reducing agent, the reducing agent being effective to reduce both the 2,3-double bond and the double bond joining the R1R2C\u2014 moiety to the 9-position of the benzonorbornene ring to single bonds but to leave the PhCH(R3)NH\u2014 moiety intact.
5. A process for the preparation of the compound of formula (IV)
wherein R1 and R2 are independently H or C1-6 alkyl and X is chloro or bromo;
which comprises treating a compound of formula (VI):
with a reducing agent, the reducing agent being effective to reduce both the 2,3-double bond and the double bond joining the R1R2C\u2014 moiety to the 9-position of the benzonorbornene ring to single bonds.
6. A process for the preparation of the compound of formula (VI)
wherein R1 and R2 are independently H or C1-6 alkyl and X is chloro or bromo;
which comprises reacting a halobenzyne of the formula (VII):
with a fulvene of formula (VIII):
in an inert organic solvent.
7. A process for the preparation of the halobenzyne of formula (VII)
wherein R1 and R2 are independently H or C1-6 alkyl;
which comprises reacting a 1,2,3-trihalobenzene of the formula (IX) or (X):
wherein X is chloro or bromo and Y is bromo or iodo, with an organometallic species in an inert atmosphere.
8. The process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 which comprises the steps of
(a) reacting a compound of formula (IV):
wherein X is chloro or bromo, with a benzylamine of formula (V):
in the presence of a base and a catalytic amount of at least one palladium complex to form a compound of formula (II):
and
(b) treating the compound of formula (II) so formed with a reducing agent, the reducing agent being effective to cleave the benzyl moiety Ph-CH(R3)\u2014 from the benzylamino moiety PhCH(R3)NH\u2014 to leave an amino group.
9. The process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 which comprises the steps of
(a) reacting a compound of formula (VI):
wherein X is chloro or bromo, with a benzylamine of formula (V):
in the presence of a base and a catalytic amount of at least one palladium complex to form a compound of formula (III):
(b) treating the compound of formula (III) so formed with a reducing agent, the reducing agent being effective to cleave the benzyl moiety Ph-CH(R3)\u2014 from the benzylamino moiety PhCH(R3)NH\u2014 to leave an amino group and to reduce both the 2,3-double bond and the double bond joining the R1R2C\u2014 moiety to the 9-position of the benzonorbornene ring to single bonds.
10. The process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 which comprises the steps of
(a) treating a compound of formula (VI):
wherein X is chloro or bromo, with a reducing agent, the reducing agent being effective to reduce both the 2,3-double bond and the double bond joining the R1R2C\u2014 moiety to the 9-position of the benzonorbornene ring to single bonds to form a compound of formula (IV):
(b) reacting the compound of formula (IV) so formed with a benzylamine of formula (V):
in the presence of a base and a catalytic amount of at least one palladium complex to form a compound of formula (II):
(c) treating the compound of formula (II) so formed with a reducing agent, the reducing agent being effective to cleave the benzyl moiety Ph-CH(R3)\u2014 from the benzylamino moiety PhCH(R3)NH\u2014 to leave an amino group.
11. The process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 which comprises the steps of
(a) reacting a compound of formula (VI):
wherein X is chloro or bromo, with a benzylamine of formula (V):
in the presence of a base and a catalytic amount of at least one palladium complex to form a compound of formula (III):
(b) treating the compound of formula (III) so formed with a reducing agent, the reducing agent being effective to reduce both the 2,3-double bond and the double bond joining the R1R2C\u2014 moiety to the 9-position of the benzonorbornene ring to single bonds but to leave the PhCH(R3)NH\u2014 moiety intact to form a compound of formula (II):
(c) treating the compound of formula (II) so formed with a reducing agent, the reducing agent being effective to cleave the benzyl moiety Ph-CH(R3)\u2014 from the benzylamino moiety PhCH(R3)NH\u2014 to leave an amino group.
12. A process for the preparation of a compound of formula (VI)
wherein R1 and R2 are independently H or C1-6 alkyl and X is chloro or bromo;
which comprises reacting a 1,2,3-trihalobenzene of the formula (IX) or (X):
wherein Y is bromo or iodo, with an organometallic species in the presence of a fulvene of formula (VIII):
in an inert organic solvent and in an inert atmosphere.
13. The process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 which comprises the steps of
(a) reacting a 1,2,3-trihalobenzene of the formula (IX) or (X):
wherein X is chloro or bromo and Y is bromo or iodo, with an organometallic species in an inert atmosphere to form a halobenzyne of formula (VII):
(b) reacting the halobenzyne of formula (VII) so formed with a fulvene of formula (VIII):
in an inert organic solvent to form a compound of formula (VI):
(c) reacting the compound of the general formula (VI) so formed with a benzylamine of formula (V):
in the presence of a base and a catalytic amount of at least one palladium complex to form a compound of formula (III):
and
(d) treating the compound of formula (III) so formed with a reducing agent, the reducing agent being effective to cleave the benzyl moiety Ph-CH(R3)\u2014 from the benzylamino moiety PhCH(R3)NH\u2014 to leave an amino group and to reduce both the 2,3-double bond and the double bond joining the R1R2C\u2014 moiety to the 9-position of the benzonorbornene ring to single bonds.
14. The process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) according to claim 1 which comprises the steps of
(a) reacting a 1,2,3-trihalobenzene of the formula (IX) or (X):
wherein X is chloro or bromo and Y is bromo or iodo, with an organometallic species in an inert atmosphere to form a halobenzyne of formula (VII):
(b) reacting the halobenzyne of formula (VII) so formed with a fulvene of formula (VIII):
in an inert organic solvent to form a compound of formula (VI):
(c) treating a compound of formula (VI) so formed with a reducing agent, the reducing agent being effective to reduce both the 2,3-double bond and the double bond joining the R1R2C\u2014 moiety to the 9-position of the benzonorbornene ring to single bonds to form a compound of formula (IV):
(d) reacting the compound of formula (IV) so formed with a benzylamine of formula (V):
in the presence of a base and a catalytic amount of at least one palladium complex to form a compound of formula (II):
and
(e) treating the compound of formula (II) so formed with a reducing agent, the reducing agent being effective to cleave the benzyl moiety Ph-CH(R3)\u2014 from the benzylamino moiety PhCH(R3)NH\u2014 to leave an amino group.
15. The process for the preparation of a compound of the general formula (I) according to claim 1 which comprises the steps of
(a) reacting a 1,2,3-trihalobenzene of the formula (IX) or (X):
wherein X is chloro or bromo and Y is bromo or iodo, with an organometallic species in an inert atmosphere to form a halobenzyne of formula (VII):
(b) reacting the halobenzyne of the general formula (VII) so formed with a fulvene of formula (VIII):
in an inert organic solvent to form a compound of formula (VI):
(c) reacting the compound of formula (VI) so formed with a benzylamine of formula (V):
in the presence of a base and a catalytic amount of at least one palladium complex to form a compound of formula (III):
(d) treating the compound of formula (III) so formed with a reducing agent, the reducing agent being effective to reduce both the 2,3-double bond and the double bond joining the R1R2C\u2014 moiety to the 9-position of the benzonorbornene ring to single bonds but to leave the PhCH(R3)NH\u2014 moiety intact to form a compound of the general formula (II):
and
(e) treating the compound of formula (II) so formed with a reducing agent, the reducing agent being effective to cleave the benzyl moiety Ph-CH(R3)\u2014 from the benzylamino moiety PhCH(R3)NH\u2014 to leave an amino group.
16. A compound of formula (II), (III), (IV) or (VI):
wherein R1 and R2 are independently H or C1-6 alkyl, R3 is H or C1-4 alkyl, Ph is phenyl and X is chloro or bromo.
17. The process according to claim 1, wherein a compound of the formula (III)
is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a palladium catalyst to form a compound of formula (I)
and wherein the ratio of the syn epimer of formula (Ia)
to the anti epimer of formula (Ib)
is more than 55:45.
18. The process according to claim 17, wherein the process is carried out in the presence of an additive.
19. The process according to claim 17, wherein the process is carried out at a temperature from 0\xb0 C. to 80\xb0 C.
20. The process according to claim 17, wherein the process is carried out at a pressure of at least 2 bar.
21. The process according to claim 5, wherein a compound of the formula (VI)
is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst selected from rhodium, palladium and platinum, to form a compound of formula (IV)
and
wherein the ratio of the syn epimer of formula (IVa)
to the anti epimer of formula (IVb)
is more than 55:45.
22. The process according to claim 21, wherein X is chloro.
23. The process according to claim 21, wherein the catalyst is a palladium catalyst.
24. The process according to claim 21, wherein the catalyst is a platinum catalyst.
25. The process according to claim 21, wherein the process is carried out in the presence of an additive.
26. The process according to claim 21, wherein the process is carried out at a temperature from 0\xb0 C. to 80\xb0 C.
27. The process according to claim 21, wherein the process is carried out at a pressure of at least 2 bar.