1. A compound having the formula:
where X1, X2 and X3, which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group.
2. The compound of claim 1 wherein X3 is hydrogen.
3. The compound of claim 1 wherein X1 is hydrogen.
4. The compound of claim 1 wherein X1, X2 and X3 are all t-butyldimethylsilyl.
5. A pharmaceutical composition containing an effective amount of at least one compound as claimed in claim 1 together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5 wherein said effective amount comprises from about 0.01 \u03bcg to about 1000 \u03bcg per gram of composition.
7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5 wherein said effective amount comprises from about 0.1 \u03bcg to about 500 \u03bcg per gram of composition.
8. 2-methylene-20(21)-dehydro-19-nor-1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 having the formula:
9. A pharmaceutical composition containing an effective amount of 2-methylene-20(21)-dehydro-19-nor-1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9 wherein said effective amount comprises from about 0.01 \u03bcg to about 1000 \u03bcg per gram of composition.
11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9 wherein said effective amount comprises from about 0.1 \u03bcg to about 500 \u03bcg per gram of composition.
12. A method of treating psoriasis comprising administering to a Subject with psoriasis an effective amount of a compound having the formula:
where X1, X2 and X3 which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered orally.
14. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered parenterally.
15. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered transdermally.
16. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered topically.
17. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered rectally.
18. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered nasally.
19. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered sublingually.
20. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is administered in a dosage of from about 0.01 \u03bcgday to about 1000 \u03bcgday.
21. The method of claim 12 wherein the compound is 2-methylene-20(21)-dehydro-19-nor-1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 having the formula:
22. A method of treating a disease selected from the group consisting of leukemia, colon cancer, breast cancer, skin cancer or prostate cancer comprising administering to a subject with said disease an effective amount of a compound having the formula:
where X1, X2 and X3 which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is administered orally.
24. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is administered parenterally.
25. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is administered transdermally.
26. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is administered rectally.
27. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is administered nasally.
28. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is administered sublingually.
29. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is administered in a dosage of from about 0.01 \u03bcgday to about 1000 \u03bcgday.
30. The method of claim 22 wherein the compound is 2-methylene-20(21)-dehydro-19-nor-1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 having the formula:
31. A method of treating an autoimmune disease selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis, lupus, diabetes mellitus, host versus graft rejection, and rejection of organ transplants, comprising administering to a subject with said disease an effective amount of a compound having the formula:
where X1, X2 and X3 which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group.
32. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is administered orally.
33. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is administered parenterally.
34. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is administered transdermally.
35. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is administered rectally.
36. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is administered nasally.
37. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is administered sublingually.
38. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is administered in a dosage of from about 0.01 \u03bcgday to about 1000 \u03bcgday.
39. The method of claim 31 wherein the compound is 2-methylene-20(21)-dehydro-19-nor-1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 having the formula:
40. A method of treating an inflammatory disease selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel diseases, comprising administering to a subject with said disease an effective amount of a compound having the formula:
where X1, X2 and X3, which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group.
41. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is administered orally.
42. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is administered parenterally.
43. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is administered transdermally.
44. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is administered rectally.
45. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is administered nasally.
46. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is administered sublingually.
47. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is administered in a dosage of from about 0.01 \u03bcgday to about 1000 \u03bcgday.
48. The method of claim 40 wherein the compound is 2-methylene-20(21)-dehydro-19-nor-1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 having the formula:
49. A method of treating a skin condition selected from the group consisting of wrinkles, lack of adequate skin firmness, lack of adequate dermal hydration and insufficient sebum secretion which comprises administering to a subject with said skin condition an effective amount of a compound having the formula:
where X1, X2 and X3 which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or A hydroxy-protecting group.
50. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered orally.
51. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered parenterally.
52. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered transdermally.
53. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered topically.
54. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered rectally.
55. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered nasally.
56. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered sublingually.
57. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is administered in a dosage of from about 0.01 \u03bcgday to about 1000 \u03bcgday.
58. The method of claim 49 wherein the compound is 2-methylene-20(21)-dehydro-19-nor-1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 having the formula:
59. A method of treating renal osteodystrophy comprising administering to a subject with renal osteodystrophy an effective amount of a compound having the formula:
where X1, X2 and X3, which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group.
60. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is administered orally.
61. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is administered parenterally.
62. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is administered transdermally.
63. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is administered rectally.
64. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is administered nasally.
65. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is administered sublingually.
66. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is administered in a dosage of from about 0.01 \u03bcgday to about 1000 \u03bcgday.
67. The method of claim 59 wherein the compound is 2-methylene-20(21)-dehydro-19-nor-1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 having the formula:
68. A method of treating obesity of an animal, inhibiting adipocyte differentiation, inhibiting SCD-1 gene transcription, andor reducing body fat in an animal comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having the formula:
where X1, X2 and X3, which may be the same or different, are each selected from hydrogen or a hydroxy-protecting group.
69. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is administered orally.
70. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is administered parenterally.
71. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is administered transdermally.
72. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is administered rectally.
73. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is administered nasally.
74. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is administered sublingually.
75. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is administered in a dosage of from about 0.01 \u03bcgday to about 1000 \u03bcgday.
76. The method of claim 68 wherein the compound is 2-methylene-20(21)-dehydro-19-nor-1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 having the formula:
77. The method of claim 68 wherein the animal is a human.
78. The method of claim 68 wherein the animal is a domestic animal.
79. The method of claim 68 wherein the animal is an agricultural animal.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for managing a data storage system, comprising:
configuring a first cache to perform at least one of the operations of retrieving data from and storing data at a first range of logical addresses (LAs) in a storage device;
configuring a second cache to perform at least one of the operations of retrieving data from and storing data at the first range of LAs;
configuring one or more third caches to perform at least one of the operations of retrieving data from and storing data at a second range of LAs in the storage device;
detecting an inability of the second cache to retrieve data from or store data at the first range of LAs; and
reconfiguring at least one of the first cache and the one or more third caches to perform at least one of the operations of retrieving data from and storing data at the first range of LAs in response to the inability while continuing to perform at least one of the operations of retrieving data from and storing data at the second range of LAs.
2. The method according to claim 1, and comprising configuring one or more interfaces to receive inputoutput (IO) requests from host processors directed to specified LAs and to direct all the IO requests to the caches which have been configured to perform at least one of the operations of retrieving data from and storing data at the specified LAs.
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the one or more interfaces comprise a mapping between the first and the second and the one or more third caches and the first and second ranges of the LAs, and wherein the one or more interfaces are adapted to convert the IO requests to one or more requests and to direct the one or more requests to at least one of the first and the second and the one or more third caches in response to the mapping, and wherein detecting the inability comprises generating a reconfigured mapping between the first and the one or more third caches and the first and second ranges of the LAs, and directing the one or more requests to at least one of the first and the one or more third caches in response to the reconfigured mapping.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein reconfiguring the at least one of the first cache and the one or more third caches comprises processing data in the first cache and the one or more third caches so as to restore the first cache and the one or more third caches to a state of full data redundancy.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein processing the data comprises classifying data in the first cache into a plurality of data groups.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein one of the data groups comprises dirty data, and wherein processing the data comprises storing the dirty data at the one or more third caches.
7. The method according to claim 5, wherein one of the data groups comprises dirty data, and wherein processing the data comprises storing the dirty data at the storage device.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein reconfiguring the at least one of the first cache and the one or more third caches comprises retaining an initial configuration of the first cache.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein reconfiguring the at least one of the first cache and the one or more third caches comprises implementing a minimum redistribution of the first and the second ranges among the first cache and the one or more third caches.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein implementing the minimum redistribution comprises redistributing the first and the second ranges using a consistent hashing function.
11. The method according to claim 9, wherein implementing the minimum redistribution comprises redistributing the first and the second ranges using a random number function.
12. The method according to claim 1, and comprising providing a system manager which is adapted to configure the first, second and one or more third caches, to detect the inability, and to reconfigure the at least one of the first cache and the one or more third caches.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein providing the system manager comprises incorporating one or more manager processing units into at least one of the storage device, the first cache, the second cache, and the one or more third caches, and operating the one or more manager processing units in a cooperative manner.
14. A data storage system, comprising:
a storage device wherein data is stored at logical addresses (LAs);
a first cache which is configured to perform at least one of the operations of retrieving data from and storing data at a first range of LAs in the storage device;
a second cache which is configured to perform at least one of the operations of retrieving data from and storing data at the first range of LAs;
one or more third caches which are configured to perform at least one of the operations of retrieving data from and storing data at a second range of LAs in the storage device; and
a system manager which is adapted to detect an inability of the second cache to retrieve data from or store data at the first range of LAs, and which reconfigures at least one of the first cache and the one or more third caches to perform at least one of the operations of retrieving data from and storing data at the first range of LAs in response to the inability while continuing to perform at least one of the operations of retrieving data from and storing data at the second range of LAs.
15. The storage system according to claim 14, and comprising one or more interfaces which are configured to receive inputoutput (IO) requests from host processors directed to specified LAs and to direct all the IO requests to the caches which have been configured to perform at least one of the operations of retrieving data from and storing data at the specified LAs.
16. The storage system according to claim 15, wherein the one or more interfaces comprise a mapping between the first and the second and the one or more third caches and the first and second ranges of the LAs, and wherein the one or more interfaces are adapted to convert the IO requests to one or more requests and to direct the one or more requests to at least one of the first and the second and the one or more third caches in response to the mapping, and wherein detecting the inability comprises the system manager generating a reconfigured mapping between the first and the one or more third caches and the first and second ranges of the LAs, and directing the one or more requests to at least one of the first and the one or more third caches in response to the reconfigured mapping.
17. The storage system according to claim 14, wherein reconfiguring the at least one of the first cache and the one or more third caches comprises the first cache processing data therein and the one or more third caches processing data therein so as to restore the first cache and the one or more third caches to a state of full data redundancy.
18. The storage system according to claim 17, wherein processing the data comprises classifying data in the first cache into a plurality of data groups.
19. The storage system according to claim 18, wherein one of the data groups comprises dirty data, and wherein processing the data comprises storing the dirty data at the one or more third caches.
20. The storage system according to claim 18, wherein one of the data groups comprises dirty data, and wherein processing the data comprises storing the dirty data at the storage device.
21. The storage system according to claim 14, wherein reconfiguring the at least one of the first cache and the one or more third caches comprises the first cache retaining an initial configuration.
22. The storage system according to claim 14, wherein reconfiguring the at least one of the first cache and the one or more third caches comprises the system manager implementing a minimum redistribution of the first and the second ranges among the first cache and the one or more third caches.
23. The storage system according to claim 22, wherein implementing the minimum redistribution comprises redistributing the first and the second ranges using a consistent hashing function.
24. The storage system according to claim 22, wherein implementing the minimum redistribution comprises redistributing the first and the second ranges using a random number function.
25. The storage system according to claim 14, wherein the system manager comprises one or more manager processing units which are incorporated into at least one of the storage device, the first cache, the second cache, and the one or more third caches, and wherein the one or more manager processing units operate in a cooperative manner.
26. A storage system, comprising:
one or more mass storage devices, coupled to store data at respective first ranges of logical addresses (LAs);
a plurality of interim fast-access-time caches, configured to operate independently of one another, each interim fast-access-time cache being assigned a respective second range of the LAs and coupled to receive data from and provide data to the one or more mass storage devices having LAs within the respective second range; and
one or more interfaces, which are adapted to receive inputoutput (IO) requests from host processors directed to specified LAs and to direct all the IO requests to the interim fast-access-time cache to which the specified LAs are assigned.
27. The storage system according to claim 27, wherein the mass storage devices comprise fast-access-time mass storage devices.
28. A method for storing data, comprising:
storing the data in one or more mass storage devices having respective first ranges of logical addresses (LAs);
assigning to each of a plurality of interim fast-access-time caches, configured to operate independently of one another, a respective second range of the LAs;
coupling the plurality of interim fast-access-time caches to receive data from and provide data to the one or more mass storage devices having LAs within the respective second range;
receiving inputoutput (IO) requests from host processors directed to specified LAs; and
directing all the IO requests to the interim fast-access-time cache to which the specified LAs are assigned.
29. The method according to claim 28, wherein the mass storage devices comprise fast-access-time mass storage devices.
30. A system for transferring data to and from one or more mass storage devices which store data at respective first ranges of logical addresses (LAs), comprising:
a plurality of interim fast-access-time caches, configured to operate independently of one another, each interim fast-access-time cache being assigned a respective second range of the LAs and coupled to receive data from and provide data to the one or more mass storage devices within the respective second range; and
one or more interfaces, which are adapted to receive inputoutput (IO) requests from host processors directed to specified LAs and to direct all the IO requests to the interim fast-access-time cache to which the specified LAs are assigned.
31. The system according to claim 30, wherein the mass storage devices comprise fast-access-time mass storage devices.
32. A method for transferring data to and from one or more mass storage devices which store data at respective first ranges of logical addresses (LAs), comprising:
assigning to a plurality of interim fast-access-time caches, configured to operate independently of one another, respective second ranges of the LAs;
coupling the plurality of interim fast-access-time caches to receive data from and provide data to the one or more mass storage nodes having LAs within the respective second ranges;
receiving inputoutput (IO) requests from host processors directed to specified LAs; and
directing all the IO requests to the interim fast-access-time cache to which the specified LAs are assigned.
33. The method according to claim 32, wherein the mass storage devices comprise fast-access-time mass storage devices.