What is claimed is:
1. An engine having an engine body comprising a cylinder body having at least one variable volume combustion chamber, at least one intake port opening into the chamber, an induction system communicating with the intake port through at least one intake passage, an intake valve being moveable to regulate communication between the induction system and the combustion chamber through the port and the intake passage, a fuel delivery system having at least one fuel delivery passage connected to at least one fuel injector, the fuel delivery passage being defined by the intake passage, the fuel injector being positioned between the cylinder body and the intake passage, the intake passage communicating with the fuel injector, the fuel injector configured to deliver fuel to the combustion chamber.
2. An engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein the fuel injector extends generally parallel and adjacent to a portion of the intake passage.
3. An engine as set forth in claim 1, wherein the fuel delivery passage delivers fuel to the fuel injector.
4. An engine comprising an engine body defining at least one combustion chamber, an induction system configured to guide air to the combustion chamber, a fuel system comprising at least one fuel passage configured to deliver fuel to the combustion chamber for combustion therein, at least a portion of the fuel passage being defined by a portion of the induction system.
5. The engine according to claim 4, wherein the fuel system comprises at least one fuel injector configured to inject fuel for combustion in the combustion chamber.
6. The engine according to claim 5, wherein the fuel injector is configured to inject fuel directly into the combustion chamber.
7. The engine according to claim 6, wherein the fuel injector is arranged so as to spray fuel through an auxiliary passage before entering the combustion chamber.
8. The engine according to claim 5, wherein the fuel injector is disposed between the engine body and a portion of the induction system.
9. The engine according to claim 8, wherein the portion of the induction system extends around two sides of the fuel injector.
10. The engine according to claim 5, wherein the engine body comprises a cylinder block and a cylinder head, the junction between the cylinder block in the cylinder head defining a plane, the fuel injector being disposed between the plane and a portion of the induction system.
11. The engine according to claim 5, wherein the induction system extends around three sides of the fuel injector.
12. The engine according to claim 5, wherein the engine body includes a mounting aperture for receiving the fuel injector, the induction system being configured to engage the fuel injector so as to retain the fuel injector in the mounting aperture.
13. An internal combustion engine comprising an engine body defining at least one combustion chamber, an induction system configured to guide air to the combustion chamber, a fuel system configured to deliver fuel to the combustion chamber for combustion therein, the fuel system including at least one fuel injector mounted for injecting fuel directly into the combustion chamber, the induction system including means for defining at least a portion of the fuel system.
14. An outboard motor comprising an engine, the engine including an engine body defining at least one combustion chamber therein, an induction system configured to guide air to the combustion chamber, a fuel injection system configured to inject fuel for combustion in the combustion chamber, the fuel injection system includes at least one fuel injector and a fuel delivery passage configured to deliver fuel to the fuel injector, at least one portion of the induction system defining at least a portion of the fuel delivery passage.
15. The outboard motor according to claim 14, wherein the portion of the induction system defining a portion of the fuel delivery passage is formed from a first material, a further portion of the induction system being formed of a second material.
16. The outboard motor according to claim 14, wherein the engine body comprises a cylinder block and a cylinder head, the joint between the cylinder block and the cylinder head defining a plane, the fuel injector being mounted between the plane and a portion of the induction system.
17. The outdoor motor according to claim 14, wherein the induction system defined in induction passage extending from the engine body, outwardly from the engine body, and around an outer end of the fuel injector, the induction passage extending from the outer end of the fuel injector forwardly.
18. The outboard motor according to claim 17, wherein a portion of the induction passage extends parallel to an axis of the fuel injector.
19. The outboard motor according to claim 18, additionally comprising a fuel pump and vapor separator assembly disposed between the engine body and a portion of the induction system.
20. An outboard motor comprising an internal combustion engine, the engine including an engine body defining at least one combustion chamber therein, an induction system configured to guide air to the engine body for combustion in the combustion chamber, a fuel system configured to supply fuel for combustion in the combustion chamber, the induction system comprising means for defining at least a portion of a fuel passage of the fuel system.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for determining the relative ratio of at least two different lipoproteins or apolipoproteins in a biological sample comprising:
immersing into the sample a solid phase material having separately immobilized thereon at least first and second antibody molecules, wherein the antibody molecules are selected from the group consisting of monoclonal antibodies, recombinant antibodies and antigen-binding antibody fragments thereof, wherein the antibody molecules are immunoreactive with at least two different lipoproteins, wherein the first and second antibodies bind to different stable, conformation independent epitopes that are uninfluenced by the lipid content of the lipoprotein, protein component of the lipoprotein or lipid associated with the specific lipoprotein, wherein the lipoproteins are selected from the group consisting of LDL, HDL and VLDL;
allowing the antibody molecules time to bind to the LDL, HDL, VLDL or apolipoproteins in the sample;
removing the solid phase material containing the immobilized antibody molecules;
determining the amount of lipoprotein or apolipoproteins bound by the immobilizedantibody molecules, and
comparing the amount bound which is specific for LDL, HDL, VLDL or each apolipoprotein in order to calculate the relative amounts of LDL, HDL, VLDL or apolipoproteins.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the antibody molecules immobilized on the solid phase material are immunoreactive with lipoproteins selected from the group consisting of HDL and LDL.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the antibodies to the HDL or LDL are selected from the group consisting of recombinant antibodies and antibody fragments.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the first or second monoclonal antibodies are the anti-LDL monoclonal antibody produced by the hybridoma cell line HB3cB3 ATCC designation number HB 11612.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the first or second monoclonal antibodies are recombinant anti-LDL RcB3M1D4ATCC designation number 69602.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising determining the amount of lipoprotein lipid or lipid associating with apolipoprotein by staining of the material bound to the immobilized antibody using a lipid stain.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the lipid stain is selected from the group consisting of Sudan Red 7B, Oil Red O, and Sudan Black B.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein the lipoprotein lipid is stained prior to immersing the immobilized antibodies.
9. The method of claim 6 further comprising measuring the amount of apolipoprotein or protein associated with the lipid in the sample, further comprising the step of providing antibodies immunoreactive with at least one apolipoprotein, wherein the antibodies are coupled to a protein stain, and staining the apolipoprotein or protein associated with the lipid in the sample by reacting the protein stain coupled antibodies with the apolipoprotein or protein associated with the lipid in the sample.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the apolipoprotein is selected from the group consisting of Apo A-I, Apo A-II, Apo B, Apo C-III, and Apo E.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the biological sample is selected from the group consisting of blood, plasma, and serum.
12. A method for determining the relative ratio of LDL to HDL in a biological sample comprising
(a) determining the amount of LDL in the sample by
adding to the sample monoclonal antibody molecules immunoreactive with low density lipoprotein and not cross-reactive with high density lipoprotein and determining the amount of low density lipoprotein;
(b) determining the amount of HLD in the sample by
adding to the sample monoclonal antibody molecules immunoreactive with high density lipoprotein and not cross-reactive with low density lipoprotein and determining the amount of high density lipoprotein; and
(c) determining the ratio of the amount of low density lipoprotein with the amount of high density lipoprotein, wherein at least one of the monoclonal antibodies to LDL and HDL bind a stable, conformation independent epitope that is uninfluenced by the lipid content of the lipoprotein, the protein component of the lipoprotein or lipid associated with the specific lipoprotein.
13. A method for determining the relative ratio of VLDL to HDL comprising
(a) determining the amount of VLDL in the sample by
determining the amount of Apo E present in the VLDL in the sample by
providing Pan B antibody which is characterized by an equal binding and high affinity for all Apo B-containing lipoproteins in human plasma,
providing monoclonal antibody which specifically binds to Apo E associated with VLDL, contacting the antibodies reactive with Apo E associated with VLDL with the biological sample to form complexes between the anti-ApoE antibodies and Apo E containing particles,
contacting Pan B antibody with the biological sample containing the complexes between the anti-ApoE antibodies and ApoE containing particles to form complexes of anti-ApoB-anti-ApoE-ApoE containing particles, and
determining the amount of Apo E in the complexes of anti-ApoB-anti-ApoE-ApoE containing particles, which is the Apo E present in VLDL in the sample;
(b) removing the complexes of anti-ApoB-anti-ApoE-ApoE containing particles, either by binding of the anti-Apo E antibodies to an immobilized surface or centrifugation of sample to remove the complexes of anti-ApoB-anti-ApoE-ApoE containing particles; and
(c) determining the amount of HDL in the sample by
determining the amount of Apo E present in the HDL in the sample by
providing Apo A-I monoclonal antibody immunoreactive specifically with Apo A-I,
contacting antibodies reactive with Apo E in HDL particles with the biological sample to form complexes between the anti-ApoE antibodies and Apo E containing particles,
contacting the Apo A-I monoclonal antibody with the biological sample to form complexes of the anti-ApoE antibodies-ApoE containing particles-anti-ApoA-I,
determining the amount of Apo E present in HDL in the complexes of the anti-ApoE antibodies-ApoE containing particles-anti-Apo A-I in the sample, and
determining the ratio of Apo E present in VLDL in the sample and Apo E present in HDL in the sample which is the ratio of VLDL to HDL,
wherein at least one of the monoclonal antibodies bind to a stable, conformation independent epitope that is uninfluenced by the lipid content of the lipoprotein, protein component of the lipoprotein or lipid associated with a specific lipoprotein selected from the group consisting of Apo B, Apo AI, and Apo E.
14. A kit for determining the relative ratio of VLDL to HDL comprising
Pan B antibody which is characterized by an equal binding and high affinity for all Apo B-containing lipoproteins in human plasma,
monoclonal or recombinant antibody specifically immunoreactive with Apo C-III, and
monoclonal or recombinant Apo A-I antibody specifically immunoreactive with Apo A-I,
wherein at least one of the monoclonal or recombinant antibodies specifically bind to a stable, conformation independent epitope of a lipoprotein including Apo C-III or Apo A-I that is uninfluenced by the lipid content of the lipoprotein, protein component thereof or lipid associated with a specific lipoprotein selected from the group consisting of Apo AI, and Apo CIII.
15. The kit of claim 14 wherein the anti-Apo C-III or anti-A-I monoclonal or recombinant antibody molecules are selected from the group consisting of monoclonal antibodies, recombinant antibodies, and antigen binding antibody fragments thereof that specifically bind to a stable, conformation independent epitope which is uninfluenced by the lipid content of the lipoprotein, protein component thereof, or lipid associated with a specific lipoprotein.
16. A kit for determining the relative ratio of VLDL to HDL comprising
Pan B antibody which is characterized by an equal binding and high affinity for all Apo B-containing lipoproteins in human plasma,
monoclonal antibody which binds to Apo E associated with VLDL,
monoclonal Apo A-I antibody specifically immunoreactive with Apo A-I, and
monoclonal antibody which binds to Apo E in HDL,
wherein at least one of the antibodies binds to a stable, conformation independent epitope of a lipoprotein containing Apo E or Apo A-I that is uninfluenced by the lipid content of the lipoprotein, protein component of the lipoprotein or lipid associated with a specific lipoprotein.
17. The kit of claim 16 wherein the anti-Apo E or anti-Apo A-I monoclonal antibody molecules are selected from the group consisting of monoclonal antibodies, recombinant antibodies, and monoclonal antibody fragments.
18. A kit for determining the relative ratio of LPA-I and LPA-II lipoprotein particles comprising
monoclonal or recombinant Apo-A-I antibody specifically immunoreactive with Apo A-I lipoproteins in human plasma; and
monoclonal or recombinant Apo A-II antibody specifically immunoreactive with Apo A-II,
wherein the anti-Apo A-I or anti-Apo A-II monoclonal or recombinant antibody molecules are selected from the group consisting of monoclonal antibodies, recombinant antibodies, and antigen-binding antibody fragments thereof that specifically bind to a stable, conformation independent epitope of a lipoprotein containing Apo A-I or Apo A-II which is uninfluenced by the lipid content of the lipoprotein, protein component of the lipoprotein, or lipid associated with a specific lipoprotein.
19. The kit of claim 18 wherein the anti-Apo A-I and anti-Apo A-II monoclonal or recombinant antibody molecules are selected from the group consisting of monoclonal antibodies, recombinant antibodies, and monoclonal antibody fragments that specifically bind to a stable, conformation independent epitope which is uninfluenced by the lipid content of the lipoprotein, protein component of the lipoprotein, or lipid associated with a specific lipoprotein.