1. A fixing member to be used in an electrophotographic apparatus, comprising:
a substrate,
an elastic layer,
an intermediate layer, and
a surface layer comprising a fluororesin, in this order,
wherein:
the elastic layer comprises a silicone rubber and sodium ions;
the intermediate layer comprises an amino group-containing polysiloxane; and wherein:
the surface layer is formed by:
forming, on a surface of the intermediate layer opposite to a surface facing the elastic layer, a primer layer comprising a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether to which a phosphate group is bound,
forming, on the primer layer, a coating layer comprising a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether or a coating layer comprising a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene, and
melting the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether in the primer layer and the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether or the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene in the coating layer.
2. The fixing member according to claim 1, wherein the elastic layer is a cured product of a liquid silicone rubber mixture comprising a sodium ion-containing filler and an addition-curable silicone rubber.
3. The fixing member according to claim 2, wherein the filler is at least one selected from the group consisting of alumina and zinc oxide.
4. The fixing member according to claim 1, wherein the elastic layer has a thermal conductivity of from 0.7 Wm\xb7K to 2.0 Wm\xb7K.
5. The fixing member according to claim 1, wherein the fixing member is a fixing film comprising an endless belt substrate having a thickness of from 20 to 100 \u03bcm, and the elastic layer has a thickness of from 50 \u03bcm to 1 mm.
6. The fixing member according to claim 5, wherein the elastic layer has a thickness of from 80 to 300 \u03bcm.
7. A heating apparatus comprising:
the fixing member according to claim 5,
a heater disposed inside the fixing member; and
a pressure roller disposed in contact with the fixing member.
8. The heating apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the heater is in contact with an inner peripheral surface of the fixing member.
9. A heating apparatus comprising the fixing member according to claim 1.
10. An electrophotographic image forming apparatus comprising the heating apparatus according to claim 9 as a fixing apparatus.
11. A fixing member comprising:
a substrate,
an elastic layer,
an intermediate layer, and
a surface layer comprising a fluororesin, in this order,
wherein:
the elastic layer comprises a silicone rubber and sodium ions;
the intermediate layer comprises an amino group-containing polysiloxane; and wherein:
the surface layer is formed by:
forming, on a surface of the intermediate layer opposite to a surface facing the elastic layer, a primer layer comprising a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether to which a phosphate group is bound,
forming, on the primer layer, a coating layer comprising a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether or a coating layer comprising a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene, and
melting the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether in the primer layer and the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether or the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene in the coating layer,
wherein a content of the phosphate group contained in the primer layer is 0.20 to 1.00 mol % in relation to a mixture of a fluororesin having a phosphate group and a fluororesin having no phosphate group.
12. A process for producing a fixing member to be used in an electrophotographic apparatus, the fixing member comprising:
a substrate,
an elastic layer,
an intermediate layer, and
a surface layer comprising a fluororesin, in this order,
wherein the elastic layer comprises a silicone rubber and sodium ions; and
wherein the intermediate layer comprises an amino group-containing polysiloxanes,
the process comprising the steps of:
forming, on a surface of the intermediate layer opposite to a surface facing the elastic layer, a primer layer comprising a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether to which a phosphate group is bound,
forming, on the primer layer, a coating layer comprising a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether or a coating layer comprising a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene, and
melting the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether in the primer layer and the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether or the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene in the coating layer to form the surface layer.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A display system comprising: a display apparatus including a display screen on which an image is displayed in accordance with image data; an operating device for pointing a position, as a pointed position, on the display screen and for capturing an image including the pointed position on the display screen, the operating device being not in touch with the display screen; two or more infrared-light-emitting areas each emitting light having a wavelength in an infrared wavelength region, the infrared-light-emitting areas being provided to the display apparatus; and a pointed position detecting section that detects the pointed position on the display screen, based on positions of the infrared-light-emitting areas included in a captured image that is captured by the operating device, the display system comprising:
a light-emitting area distinguishing section that distinguishes each of the infrared-light-emitting areas in the captured image,
at least one of the infrared-light-emitting areas being provided within the display screen of the display apparatus,
the infrared-light-emitting areas each emitting light in a method that allows the light-emitting area distinguishing section to distinguish, based on the captured image, each of the infrared-light-emitting areas from one another.
2. The display system as set forth in claim 1 wherein:
each of the infrared-light-emitting areas is different from each other in at least one of a luminance, a light emitting time, a light emitting period, a light emitting pattern, and a number of times of switching ONOFF in a predetermined time.
3. The display system as set forth in claim 1, further comprising:
a rotation angle calculating section that calculates a rotation angle of the operating device around an axis in an image capture direction of the operating device at the time when the captured image is captured, based on the positions of the infrared-light-emitting areas displayed on the display screen and positions of the infrared-light-emitting areas in the captured image,
the pointed position detecting section detecting the pointed position on the display screen, based on (i) the positions of the infrared-light-emitting areas, in the captured image, (ii) the pointed position in the captured image, (iii) the positions of the infrared-light-emitting areas, on the display screen, and (iv) the rotation angle calculated by the rotation angle calculating section.
4. The display system as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
the display screen is made of a display panel including many pixels arranged in a matrix manner;
each of the many pixels includes a plurality of sub-pixels each emitting light having a wavelength in a different wavelength region; and
at least a part of the many pixels includes, in the sub-pixels, infrared sub-pixels emitting light in an infrared wavelength region, respectively,
the display system further comprising a display controlling section controlling an intensity of light that is emitted from each of the sub-pixels and causing at least a part of the infrared sub-pixels to serve as the infrared-light-emitting areas.
5. The display system as set forth in claim 4, wherein:
the display panel is a transmissive liquid crystal display panel;
a backlight is provided on a side opposite to an image display side of the liquid crystal display panel, the backlight emitting light having a spectral distribution in the infrared wavelength region; and
a color filter layer is provided in the liquid crystal display panel and transmits light in a wavelength region corresponding to each of the sub-pixels in an area corresponding to each of the sub-pixels.
6. The display system as set forth in claim 4, wherein:
the display controlling section changes the positions of the infrared-light-emitting areas so that positions at which the infrared-light-emitting areas are displayed become closer to the pointed position than positions at which the infrared-light-emitting areas are previously displayed, the pointed position being detected by the pointed position detecting section.
7. The display system as set forth in claim 4, wherein:
the display controlling section makes a predetermined image displayed at a position corresponding to the pointed position on the display screen.
8. The display system as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
the display screen is made of a transmissive liquid crystal display panel including many pixels arranged in a matrix manner; and
light sources of colors including red, green, blue, and infrared are provided on a side opposite to an image display side of the liquid crystal display panel, and for each of the many pixels or for each of pixel groups each made of a plurality of pixels,
the display system further comprising a display controlling section sequentially driving, in a time sharing manner, the light sources of the colors in each of the many pixels or each of the pixel groups so that an image in accordance with the image data and the infrared-light-emitting areas are displayed.
9. The display system as set forth in claim 8, wherein:
the display controlling section changes the positions of the infrared-light-emitting areas so that positions at which the infrared-light-emitting areas are displayed become closer to the pointed position than positions at which the infrared-light-emitting areas are previously displayed, the pointed position being detected by the pointed position detecting section.
10. The display system as set forth in claim 8, wherein:
the display controlling section makes a predetermined image displayed at a position corresponding to the pointed position on the display screen.
11. A method for detecting a pointed position in a display system comprising: a display apparatus including a display screen on which an image is displayed in accordance with image data; an operating device for pointing a position, as a pointed position, on the display screen and for capturing an image including the pointed position on the display screen, the operating device being not in touch with the display screen; and two or more infrared-light-emitting areas each emitting light having a wavelength in an infrared wavelength region, the infrared-light-emitting areas being provided to the display apparatus, the display system detecting the pointed position on the display screen, based on positions of the infrared-light-emitting areas included in a captured image that is captured by the operating device, the method comprising the steps of:
providing at least one of the infrared-light-emitting areas within the display screen of the display apparatus; and
causing each of the infrared-light-emitting areas to emit light in a method that allows each of the infrared-light-emitting areas to be distinguished, based on the captured image, by a light-emitting area distinguishing section provided in the display system.
12. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a program causing a computer to function as each section in a display system,
the display system comprising:
a display apparatus including a display screen on which an image is displayed in accordance with image data;
an operating device for pointing a position, as a pointed position, on the display screen and for capturing an image including the pointed position on the display screen, the operating device being not in touch with the display screen;
two or more infrared-light-emitting areas each emitting light having a wavelength in an infrared wavelength region, the infrared-light-emitting areas being provided to the display apparatus;
a pointed position detecting section that detects the pointed position on the display screen, based on positions of the infrared-light-emitting areas included in a captured image that is captured by the operating device; and
a light-emitting area distinguishing section that distinguishes each of the infrared-light-emitting areas in the captured image,
at least one of the infrared-light-emitting areas being provided within the display screen of the display apparatus, and
the infrared-light-emitting areas each emitting light in a method that allows the light-emitting area distinguishing section to distinguish, based on the captured image, each of the infrared-light-emitting areas from one another.