1. A method comprising:
in a mobile network comprising at least a core element and one or more evolved Node Bs (eNBs), receiving a request to initiate a progressive download of a video object;
splitting the requested video object into self-contained independent video segments;
transrating each of the self-contained independent video segments for different rates;
determining, using bandwidth estimation, a current network condition of a network, wherein bandwidth estimation comprises a combination of:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) based bandwidth estimation, and
X2 interface based bandwidth estimation for Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks; and
delivering a segment from a rate bucket suitable for the current network condition determined by the bandwidth estimation,
wherein the TCP based bandwidth estimation comprises monitoring a media server’s TCP socket queue length,
further wherein monitoring the media server’s TCP socket queue length comprises:
obtaining the TCP socket queue length periodically to determine a drain rate, and
executing an Active Queue Management (AQM) process on the TCP socket queue length to detect impending congestion on the TCP link.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein each of the self-contained independent video segments is a playable unit.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein transrating each of the self-contained independent video segments for different rates further comprises registering each of the different bit rate versions with a media server so that the media server can select an appropriate version for a segment transmission as available bandwidth changes.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the X2 interface based bandwidth estimation for LTE networks comprises:
establishing X2AP protocol with each eNB;
initiating a load indication;
initiating a resource status reporting; and
determining a resource status reporting.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the X2 interface based bandwidth estimation for LTE networks comprises:
routing all X2AP messages through the core network element; and
for messages of interest, initiating a load indication, initiating a resource status reporting, and determining a resource status reporting.
6. A server in a mobile network comprising:
one or more central processing units (CPUs); and
a memory, the memory comprising an operating system (OS) and machine readable instructions that when executed cause:
at least one of the one or more CPUs to receive a request to initiate a progressive download of a video object;
at least one of the one or more CPUs to split the requested video object into self-contained independent video segments;
at least one of the one or more CPUs to transrate each of the self-contained independent video segments for different rates;
at least one of the one or more CPUs to determine, using bandwidth estimation, a current network condition of a network, wherein bandwidth estimation comprises a combination of:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) based bandwidth estimation, and X2 interface based bandwidth estimation for Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, and
at least one of the one or more CPUs to deliver a segment from a rate bucket suitable for the current network condition determined by the bandwidth estimation,
wherein the TCP based bandwidth estimation comprises monitoring a media server’s TCP socket queue length,
further wherein monitoring the media server’s TCP socket queue length comprises:
obtaining the TCP socket queue length periodically to determine a drain rate, and
executing an Active Queue Management (AQM) process on the TCP socket queue length to detect impending congestion on the TCP link.
7. The server of claim 6 wherein each of the self-contained independent video segments is a playable unit.
8. The server of claim 6 wherein transrating each of the self-contained independent video segments for different rates further comprises registering each of the different bit rate versions with a media server so that the media server can select an appropriate version for a segment transmission as available bandwidth changes.
9. The server of claim 6 wherein the X2 interface based bandwidth estimation for LTE networks comprises:
establishing X2AP protocol with each eNB;
initiating a load indication;
initiating a resource status reporting; and
determining a resource status reporting.
10. The server of claim 6 wherein the X2 interface based bandwidth estimation for LTE networks comprises:
routing all X2AP messages through the core network element; and
for messages of interest, initiating a load indication, initiating a resource status reporting, and determining a resource status reporting.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A composition for the production of oocysts comprising a peroxygen compound and an organic acid, said composition having an acidic pH.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the pH of said composition is from about pH 1 to about pH 3.
3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the concentration of said peroxygen compound is from about 0.1% to about 10% (vv) or (wv).
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein said peroxygen compound is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, magnesium peroxide, calcium peroxide, zinc peroxide, urea peroxide, and a combination thereof.
5. The composition of claim 4, wherein said peroxygen compound is hydrogen peroxide.
6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the composition is from about 0.1% (vv) to about 3% (vv).
7. The composition of claim 6, wherein the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the composition is from about 0.25% (vv) to about 1% (vv).
8. The composition of claim 1 further comprising an anti-foaming agent.
9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the concentration of organic acid in the composition is from about 1% to about 15% (vv) or (wv).
10. The composition of claim 1, wherein said organic acid comprises at least citric acid.
11. The composition of claim 1, wherein said organic acid comprises at least propionic acid.
12. The composition of claim 1, wherein said organic acid comprises citric acid and propionic acid.
13. The composition of claim 1, wherein said composition is sterile.
14. The composition of claim 1 further comprising protozoan oocysts.
15. A method of collecting protozoan oocysts in animal feces comprising the steps of:
(a) providing an animal infected with a protozoan, wherein the animal is shedding oocysts from the protozoan in its feces, and
(b) contacting feces comprising oocysts from the infected animal with the composition of claim 1.
16. The method of claims 15, wherein the protozoan comprises a species from the genus Eimeria.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the Eimeria species is selected from the group consisting of E. maxima, E. mitis, E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. brunette E. necatrix, E. praecox, E. mivati, and a combination thereof.
18. The method of claim 15, wherein the animal is a bird.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the bird is a turkey.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the bird is a chicken.
21. A composition for the production of oocysts comprising a peroxygen compound, said composition having an acidic pH.
22. The composition of claim 21, wherein said peroxygen compound is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, magnesium peroxide, calcium peroxide, zinc peroxide, urea peroxide, and a combination thereof.
23. A method of collecting protozoan oocysts in animal feces comprising the steps of:
(a) providing an animal infected with a protozoan, wherein the animal is shedding oocysts from the protozoan in its feces, and
(b) contacting feces comprising oocysts from the infected animal with the composition of claim 21.
24. A composition for the production of oocysts comprising an organic acid, said composition having an acidic pH.
25. The composition of claim 24, wherein said organic acid comprises an organic acid selected from the group consisting of citric acid, propionic acid, and a combination thereof.
26. A method of collecting protozoan oocysts in animal feces comprising the steps of:
(a) providing an animal infected with a protozoan, wherein the animal is shedding oocysts from the protozoan in its feces, and
(b) contacting feces comprising oocysts from the infected animal with the composition of claim 24.
27. A method of sporulating protozoan oocysts, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a composition comprising protozoan oocysts, and
(b) sporulating the oocysts in the composition of claim 1 for a time and under conditions suitable for sporulation.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein the protozoan comprises a species from the genus Eimeria.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the Eimeria species is selected from the group consisting of E. maxima, E. mitis, E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. necatrix, E. praecox, E. mivati, and a combination thereof.
30. The method of claim 27, wherein the composition comprising protozoan oocysts comprises feces collected from an animal infected with the protozoan.
31. A method of sanitizing protozoan oocysts, comprising
(a) providing a preparation comprising protozoan oocysts, and
(b) sanitizing the oocysts in the composition of claim 1 for a time and under conditions sufficient to achieve the desired level of sanitization of the preparation.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein the protozoan comprises a species from the genus Eimeria.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein the Eimeria species is selected from the group consisting of E. maxima, E. mitis, E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. necatrix, E. praecox, E. mivati, and a combination thereof.
34. The method of claim 31, wherein following said sanitizing step the preparation contains essentially no detectable microbial contamination.
35. The method of claim 31, wherein said sanitizing step is carried out from about 12 to about 48 hours.
36. A flotation medium for purifying protozoan oocysts, comprising a high-density, non-ionic solution and a polycation.
37. The flotation medium of claim 36, wherein the high-density, non-ionic solution is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, sorbitol, sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, hydroxymethylcellulose, and a combination thereof.
38. The flotation medium of claim 36, wherein the polycation is selected from the group consisting of arginine, histidine, lysine, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose, polyvalent metal ions, and a combination thereof.
39. The flotation medium of claim 38, wherein the polycation comprises arginine.
40. The flotation medium of claim 36, wherein the concentration of the polycation in the flotation medium is from about 0.05M to about 1M.
41. The flotation medium of claim 36, wherein the flotation medium further comprises a non-ionic detergent.
42. The flotation medium of claim 36, wherein the flotation medium further comprises an anti-foaming agent.
43. The flotation medium of claim 36, wherein the flotation medium further comprises an oil.
44. A flotation medium for purifying protozoan oocysts, comprising a high-density, non-ionic solution and oil.
45. A method of purifying protozoan oocysts by flotation, comprising the steps of:
(a) forming a suspension between the flotation medium of claim 36 and a plurality of protozoan oocysts,
(b) allowing the suspension to separate, and
(c) recovering protozoan oocysts from the separated suspension.
46. The method of claim 45, wherein said forming step comprises admixing the flotation medium with the plurality of protozoan oocysts and said step of allowing the suspension to separate comprises centrifugation.
47. The method of claim 45, wherein the protozoan comprises a species from the genus Eimeria.
48. The method of claim 47, wherein the Eimeria species is selected from the group consisting of E. maxima, E. mitis, E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. necatrix, E. praecox, E. mivati, and a combination thereof.
49. A method of purifying protozoan oocysts by flotation, comprising the steps of:
(a) forming a suspension between the flotation medium of claim 44 and a plurality of protozoan oocysts,
(b) allowing the suspension to separate, and
(c) recovering protozoan oocysts from the separated suspension.
50. The method of claim 49, wherein said forming step comprises admixing the flotation medium with the plurality of protozoan oocysts and said step of allowing the suspension to separate comprises centrifugation.
51. The method of claim 49, wherein the protozoan comprises a species from the genus Eimeria.
52. The method of claim 51, wherein the Eimeria species is selected from the group consisting of E. maxima, E. mitis, E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. necatrix, E. praecox, E. mivati, and a combination thereof.
53. A method of producing protozoan oocyts from an avian subject, comprising the steps of:
(a) infecting an avian subject with a protozoan for a time sufficient for oocysts from the protozoan to be shed in the feces of the infected avian subject,
(b) collecting the feces comprising the oocysts from the infected avian subject, and
(c) feeding the infected avian subject a diet having a large mean particle size for at least about 1 day prior to and during said collecting step.
54. The method of claim 53, wherein at least about 50% (ww) of the diet comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of unground grain, partially ground grain, extruded grain, extracted grain, or a combination thereof.
55. The method of claim 53, wherein at least about 80% (ww) of the diet comprises an ingredient selected from the group consisting of unground grain, partially ground grain, extruded grain, extracted grain, or a combination thereof.
56. The method of claim 53, wherein at least about 35% (ww) of the collected feces are retained on a 0.5 millimeter sieve.
57. The method of claim 53, wherein at least about 60% of the feces are retained on a 0.075 millimeter sieve.
58. The method of claim 53, wherein the diet having a large mean particle size comprises less than about 20% (ww) of ground meal.
59. The method of claim 53, wherein the protozoan comprises a species from the genus Eimeria.
60. The method of claim 59, wherein the Eimeria species is selected from the group consisting of E. maxima, E. mitis, E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. necatrix, E. praecox, E. mivati, and a combination thereof.
61. The method of claim 53, wherein the avian subject is a turkey.
62. The method of claim 53, wherein the avian subject is a chicken.
63. An aqueous composition for reducing aggregation among protozoan oocysts comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, a protein hydrolysate, an anti-foaming agent, and any combination of the foregoing.
64. The composition of claim 63, wherein said composition comprises casein hydrolysate or soy protein hydrolysate.
65. The composition of claim 63, wherein said composition comprises arginine, phenylalanine and aspartic acid.
66. The composition of claim 63, further comprising a plurality of protozoan oocysts.
67. A method of producing protozoan oocysts, comprising a step of contacting a preparation of protozoan oocysts with an aqueous composition that reduces aggregation among the oocysts.
68. The method of claim 67, wherein the composition comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of a protein, a peptide, an amino acid, a protein hydrolysate, an anti-foaming agent, and any combination of the foregoing.
69. The method of claim 67, wherein said contacting step follows said sanitizing step.