What is claimed is:
1. A method for removing perchlorate from a fluid comprising:
passing said fluid over an activated carbon material that has been loaded with an organic cation polymer or cationic monomer.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said organic cation polymer or cationic monomer has a molecular weight of less than about 1,000,000 Daltons.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said organic cation polymer or cationic monomer has a molecular weight of less than about 500,000 Daltons.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein said functional groups on said organic cation polymer or cationic monomer is at least one selected from the group consisting of: quaternary ammonia, amines, imines, amides, imides, pyrrolic nitrogen, and pyridinic nitrogen.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein said organic cation polymer is at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of: plydiallyldimethlammonium chloride, epichlorohydrin dimethylamine, polyethleneimine, polyacrylamide, chitosan, polylysine, and diethylaminoethyl-dextran.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said cationic monomer is at least one selected from the group consisting of: octyltrimethylammonium bromide or chloride, decyltrimethylammonium bromide or chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide or chloride, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide or chloride, tributylheptylammonium bromide or chloride, ammonium bromide or chloride, diallyldimethlammonium bromide or chloride, acrylamide, domiphen bromide or chloride, tetradecylammonium bromide or chloride, (4-nitrobenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride or bromide, arvinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride or bromide, benzoylcholine chloride or bromide, acetylthiochloine iodide or bromide or chloride, methacholine chloride or bromide, betaine hydrochloride, betaine, chlorocholine chloride or bromide, choline chloride or bromide, decamethonium bromide or chloride, hexamethonium bromide or chloride, ferric salt, and ferrous salt.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said fluid is water.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein said cation-loaded activated carbon material is capable of treating said fluid containing at least 50 ppb of said perchlorate, such that said perchlorate is removed from said fluid to an amount of less than 4 ppb for at least about 3,000 bed volumes, in accordance with the Small-Scale Simulation Test protocol.
9. The method according to claim 1 further comprising the step of: regenerating said cation-loaded activated carbon material via thermal treatment, whereby said cation-loaded activated carbon material has a bed volume life of at least about 10% of initially treated cation-loaded activated carbon material.
10. The method according to claim 1 further comprising the step of: adjusting the pH of said fluid prior to passing over said cation-loaded activated carbon material such that said pH of said fluid is in the range between about 3.0 to 9.0.
11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the perchlorate concentration level in said fluid after passing over said activated carbon is about 4 ppb or less.
12. A method for removing perchlorate from a fluid comprising:
passing said fluid over a functionalized carbonaceous material, wherein said carbonaceous material is functionalized by treating said carbonaceous material with ammonia or other reduced nitrogen-containing compound at a temperature below about 700 C.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein said functional group is at least one selected from the group consisting of: quaternary ammonia, amines, imines, amides, imides, pyrrolic nitrogen, and pyridinic nitrogen.
14. The method according to claim 12, wherein said reduced nitrogen-containing compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of: ammonia, ammonium, quaternary ammonia, urea, and other reduced nitrogen-containing compounds where the valence of the nitrogen-containing compound is below zero.
15. The method according to claim 12, wherein said fluid is water.
16. The method according to claim 12, wherein said functionalized carbonaceous material is capable of treating said fluid containing at least 50 ppb of said perchlorate, such that said perchlorate is removed from said fluid to an amount of less than 4 ppb for at least about 3,000 bed volumes, in accordance with the Small-Scale Simulation Test protocol.
17. The method according to claim 12 further comprising the step of: regenerating said functionalized carbonaceous material via thermal treatment, whereby said functionalized carbonaceous material has a bed volume life of at least about 10% of initially treated functionalized carbonaceous material.
18. The method according to claim 12 further comprising the step of: adjusting the pH of said fluid prior to passing over said functionalized activated carbon material such that said pH of said fluid is in the range between about 3.0 to 9.0.
19. The method according to claim 12, wherein the perchlorate concentration level in said fluid after passing over said activated carbon is about 4 ppb or less.
20. A method for removing anionic contaminants from a fluid comprising:
passing said fluid over a functionalized activated carbon material.
21. The method according to claim 20, wherein said activated carbon material is functionalized with nitrogen containing functional groups.
22. The method according to claim 20, wherein said activated carbon material is functionalized by loading with a cationic polymer or cationic monomer.
23. The method according to claim 20, wherein said activated carbon material is functionalized by treating said activated carbon material with ammonia or other nitrogen-containing compound at a temperature below about 700 C.
24. The method according to claim 23, wherein said reduced nitrogen-containing compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of: ammonia, ammonium, quaternary ammonia, urea, and other reduced nitrogen-containing compounds where the valence of the nitrogen-containing compound is below zero.
25. The method according to claim 20, wherein said cationic polymer or cationic monomer has a molecular weight of less than 1,000,000 Daltons.
26. The method according to claim 20, wherein said cationic polymer or cationic monomer has a molecular weight of less than about 500,000 Daltons.
27. The method according to claim 20, wherein said functional group is at least one selected from the group consisting of: quaternary ammonia, amines, imines, amides, imides, pyrrolic nitrogen, and pyridinic nitrogen.
28. The method according to claim 20, wherein said cationic polymer is at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of: plydiallyldimethlammonium chloride, epichlorohydrin dimethylamine, polyethleneimine, polyacrylamide, chitosan, polylysine and diethylaminoethyl-dextran.
29. The method according to claim 20, wherein said cationic monomer is at least one selected from the group consisting of: octyltrimethylammonium bromide or chloride, decyltrimethylammonium bromide or chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide or chloride, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide or chloride, tributylheptylammonium bromide or chloride, ammonium bromide or chloride, diallyldimethlammonium bromide or chloride, acrylamide, domiphen bromide or chloride, tetradecylammonium bromide or chloride, (4-nitrobenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride or bromide, arvinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride or bromide, benzoylcholine chloride or bromide, acetylthiochloine iodide or bromide or chloride, methacholine chloride or bromide, betaine hydrochloride, betaine, chlorocholine chloride or bromide, choline chloride or bromide, decamethonium bromide or chloride, hexamethonium bromide or chloride, ferric salt, and ferrous salt.
30. The method according to claim 20, wherein said fluid is water.
31. The method according to claim 20, wherein said functionalized activated carbon material is capable of treating said fluid containing at least 50 ppb of anionic contaminants, such that said anionic contaminants are removed from said fluid in an amount of less than 4 ppb for at least about 3,000 bed volumes, in accordance with the Small-Scale Simulation Test protocol.
32. The method according to claim 20 further comprising the step of: regenerating said functionalized activated carbon material via thermal treatment, whereby said functionalized activated carbon material has a bed volume life of at least about 10% of initially treated functionalized activated carbon material.
33. The method according to claim 20 further comprising the step of: adjusting the pH of said fluid prior to passing over said functionalized activated carbon material such that said pH of said fluid is in the range between about 3.0 to 9.0.
34. The method according to claim 20, wherein the perchlorate concentration level in said fluid after passing over said functionalized activated carbon material is 4 ppb or less.
35. The method according to claim 20, wherein said anionic contaminant is at least one selected from the group consisting of: arsenates, arsenites, nitrates, and chromates.
36. A functionalized activated carbon material which exhibits a positive surface charge greater than about 0.09 milliequivalentsgram, as measured in accordance with the Surface Charge Titration Protocol at a pH of 7.5, provided that it also exhibits a BET surface area greater than 850 m2g as measured in accordance with the BET Surface Area protocol.
37. The functionalized activated carbon material according to claim 36, wherein said activated carbon material is functionalized with nitrogen containing functional groups.
38. The functionalized activated carbon material according to claim 36, wherein said activated carbon material is functionalized by loading with a cationic polymer or monomer.
39. The functionalized activated carbon material according to claim 36, wherein said activated carbon material is functionalized by treating said activated carbon material with ammonia or other reduced nitrogen-containing compound at a temperature below about 700 C.
40. The method according to claim 36, wherein said reduced nitrogen-containing compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of: ammonia, ammonium, quaternary ammonia, urea, and other reduced nitrogen-containing compound where the valence of the nitrogen-containing compound is below zero.
41. The functionalized activated carbon material according to claim 36, wherein said cationic polymer has a molecular weight of less than 1,000,000 Daltons.
42. The functionalized activated carbon material according to claim 36, wherein said cationic polymer has a molecular weight of less than about 500,000 Daltons.
43. The functionalized activated carbon material according to claim 36, wherein said functional group is at least one selected from the group consisting of: quaternary ammonia, amines, imines amides, imides, pyrrolic nitrogen, and pyridinic nitrogen.
44. The functionalized activated carbon material according to claim 38, wherein said cationic polymer is at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of: plydiallyldimethlammonium chloride, epichlorohydrin dimethylamine, polyethleneimine, polyacrylamide, chitosan, polylysine and diethylaminoethyl-dextran.
45. The functionalized activated carbon material according to claim 38, wherein said cationic monomer is at least one selected from the group consisting of: octyltrimethylammonium bromide or chloride, decyltrimethylammonium bromide or chloride, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide or chloride, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide or chloride, tributylheptylammonium bromide or chloride, ammonium bromide or chloride, diallyldimethlammonium bromide or chloride, acrylamide, domiphen bromide or chloride, tetradecylammonium bromide or chloride, (4-nitrobenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride or bromide, ar-vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride or bromide, benzoylcholine chloride or bromide, acetylthiochloine iodide or bromide or chloride, methacholine chloride or bromide, betaine hydrochloride, betaine, chlorocholine chloride or bromide, choline chloride or bromide, decamethonium bromide or chloride, hexamethonium bromide or chloride, ferric salt, and ferrous salt.
46. A functionalized activated carbon material which exhibits a positive surface charge greater than about 0.09 milliequivalentsgram, as measured in accordance with the Surface Charge Titration protocol at a pH of 7.5, provided that it also exhibits a BET surface area greater than 850 m2g as measured in accordance with the BET Surface Area protocol, wherein said functionalized activated carbon material is formed by: (a) loading said activated carbon material with a cationic polymer or monomer, (b) treating said activated carbon material with ammonia or other reduced nitrogen-containing compound at a temperature below about 700 C., or (c) functionalizing with an organic cation functional group.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of serializing signals output from an image sensor, comprising:
sampling a vertical synchronization signal, a horizontal synchronization signal, and parallel image data output from the image sensor, at a first edge of a clock signal, for n cycles of the clock signal, where n is an integer; and
generating a packet including information regarding timing parameters and valid image data based on the sampling result.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the information regarding the timing parameters includes at least one of:
information regarding an amount of a first valid image data;
information regarding a length of a front porch duration;
information regarding a length of duration of an active state of the vertical synchronization signal;
information regarding a length of a back porch duration;
information regarding a length of duration of a deactive state of the horizontal synchronization signal, the deactive state is between adjacent activated horizontal synchronization signals while the vertical synchronization signal is deactivated; and
information regarding an amount of a second valid image data.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the information regarding the timing parameters further includes information regarding a type of the packet.
4. The method of claim 2, wherein each of the lengths is represented by cycles of the clock signal.
5. A method of processing signals comprising:
the method of claim 1;
receiving a packet including information regarding timing parameters and valid image data from an image sensor; and
restoring a vertical synchronization signal, a horizontal synchronization signal, and parallel image data for n cycles of a clock signal based on at least one of the clock signal, the information regarding the timing parameters, and the valid image data.
6. The method of claim 5, further comprising transmitting the clock signal via a first transmission line and the packet via a second transmission line.
7. A method of deserializing signals output from a serializer, comprising:
receiving a packet including information regarding timing parameters and valid image data from an image sensor; and
restoring a vertical synchronization signal, a horizontal synchronization signal, and parallel image data for n cycles of a clock signal based on at least one of the clock signal, the information regarding the timing parameters, and the valid image data.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the information regarding the timing parameters includes at least one of:
information regarding an amount of a first valid image data;
information regarding a length of a front porch duration;
information regarding a length of duration of an active state of the vertical synchronization signal;
information regarding a length of a back porch duration;
information regarding a length of duration of a deactive state of the horizontal synchronization signal, the deactive state is between adjacent activated horizontal synchronization signals while the vertical synchronization signal is deactivated; and
information regarding an amount of a second valid image data.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the information regarding the timing parameters further includes information regarding a type of the packet.
10. An apparatus for processing data, comprising:
a serializer for sampling a vertical synchronization signal, a horizontal synchronization signal, and parallel image data, which are output from an image sensor, at a first edge of a clock signal for n cycles of the clock signal, and for generating a packet including information regarding timing parameters and valid image data, based on the sampling result, where n is an integer.
11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the image sensor generates and outputs the clock signal, the vertical synchronization signal, the horizontal synchronization signal, and the parallel image data in response to a sensed image.
12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the information regarding the timing parameters includes at least one of:
information regarding an amount of a first valid image data;
information regarding a length of a front porch duration;
information regarding a length of duration of an active state of the vertical synchronization signal;
information regarding a length of a back porch duration;
information regarding a length of duration of a deactive state of the horizontal synchronization signal, the deactive state is between adjacent activated horizontal synchronization signals while the vertical synchronization signal is deactivated; and
information regarding an amount of a second valid image data.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the information regarding the timing parameters further includes information regarding a type of the packet.
14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein each of the lengths is represented by cycles of the clock signal.
15. The apparatus of claim 10, further comprising:
a deserializer for receiving the packet and restoring the vertical synchronization signal, the horizontal synchronization signal, and the parallel image data for the n cycles of the clock signal based on at least one of the clock signal, the information regarding the timing parameters, and the valid image data.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a first transmission line and a second transmission line, where the clock signal is transmitted on the first transmission line and the packet is transmitted on the second transmission line.
17. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a camera processor for processing an image sensed by the image sensor, based on the clock signal, the restored vertical synchronization signal, the restored horizontal synchronization signal, and the restored parallel image data.
18. An apparatus for processing data, comprising:
a deserializer for receiving a packet comprising information regarding timing parameters and valid image data, and for restoring a vertical synchronization signal, a horizontal synchronization signal, and parallel image data for n cycles of a clock signal based on at least one of the clock signal, the information regarding the timing parameters, and the valid image data, where n is an integer.
19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the information regarding the timing parameters comprises at least one of:
information regarding an amount of a first valid image data;
information regarding a length of a front porch duration;
information regarding a length of duration of an active state of the vertical synchronization signal;
information regarding a length of a back porch duration;
information regarding a length of duration of a deactive state of the horizontal synchronization signal, the deactive state is between adjacent activated horizontal synchronization signals while the vertical synchronization signal is deactivated; and
information regarding an amount of a second valid image data.
20. The apparatus of claim 18, further comprising a camera processor for processing an image sensed by an image sensor, based on the clock signal, the restored vertical synchronization signal, the restored horizontal synchronization signal, and the restored parallel image data.
21. A system for processing data, comprising:
an image sensor for sensing an image, and for generating and outputting a clock signal, a vertical synchronization signal, a horizontal synchronization signal, and image data corresponding to the sensed image;
a serializer for sampling the vertical synchronization signal, the horizontal synchronization signal, and the parallel image data, at a first edge of the clock signal for n cycles of the clock signal, and for generating a packet including information regarding timing parameters and valid image data, based on the sampling result, where n is an integer;
a first transmission line for transmitting the clock signal;
a second transmission line for transmitting the packet;
a deserializer for receiving the packet output from the serializer; and for restoring the vertical synchronization signal, the horizontal synchronization signal, and the parallel image data for the n cycles of the clock signal, based on at least one of the clock signal, the information regarding the timing parameters, and the valid image data; and
a camera processor for processing the sensed image based on the vertical synchronization signal, the horizontal synchronization signal, and the parallel image data output from the deserializer.
22. A packet comprising:
a header portion including at least one of,
information regarding an amount of a first valid image data,
information regarding a length of a front porch duration,
information regarding a length of duration of an active state of the vertical synchronization signal,
information regarding a length of a back porch duration,
information regarding a length of duration of a deactive state of the horizontal synchronization signal, the deactive state is between adjacent activated horizontal synchronization signals while the vertical synchronization signal is deactivated, and
information regarding an amount of a second valid image data; and
a data portion including valid image data.
23. The packet of claim 22, wherein the packet is generated by a serializer and transmitted via a transmission line to a deserializer.
24. The packet of claim 22, wherein the packet is stored on a computer readable storage medium.