1. A curable film-forming composition comprising (i) 10 to 90 percent by weight based on the total weight of resin solids in the film-forming composition of a crosslinking agent; (ii) 10 to 90 percent by weight based on the total weight of resin solids in the film-forming composition of a polymer containing a plurality of functional groups reactive with the crosslinking agent; and (iii) 5 to 85 percent by volume based on the total volume of the film-forming composition of particles having a mean particle size less than 100 nm, having an index of refraction (n) that is greater than or less than that of the mixture of crosslinking agent (i) and polymer (ii) by an amount equal to or less than \u0394nmax, wherein \u0394nmax is determined by the equation:
\u0394nmax=Hd2
wherein H is an allowable haze factor and is less than 200, and d is the mean particle size of the particles (iii) in nanometers; and wherein the particles comprise a homogeneous mixture within the particles of 1 to 99 percent by weight of at least one metal oxide wherein the metal is selected from zinc, cerium, and iron; and 1 to 99 percent by weight silica.
2. The film-forming composition of claim 1 wherein H is less than 133.
3. The film-forming composition of claim 2 wherein H is less than 41.
4. The film-forming composition of claim 1 wherein the polymer is present in the film-forming composition in amounts of 25 to 75 percent by weight, based on the total weight of resin solids in the film-forming composition.
5. The film-forming composition of claim 1 wherein the crosslinking agent is present in the film-forming composition in amounts of 25 to 75 percent by weight, based on the total weight of resin solids in the film-forming composition.
6. The film-forming composition of claim 1 wherein the particles are present in the film-forming composition in amounts of 25 to 85 percent by volume, based on the total volume of the film-forming composition.
7. The film-forming composition of claim 1 wherein the particles comprise 1 to 75 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, zinc oxide, 1 to 70 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, zirconium oxide and 10 to 90 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, silica.
8. The film-forming composition of claim 1 wherein the particles comprise 1 to 75 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, cerium oxide, 1 to 70 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, zirconium oxide and 10 to 90 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, silica.
9. The film-forming composition of claim 1 wherein the particles comprise 1 to 75 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, iron oxide, 1 to 70 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, zirconium oxide and 10 to 90 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, silica.
10. The film-forming composition of claim 1, wherein the particles comprise at least one ultraviolet light absorbing metal oxide and at least one ultraviolet light transparent metal oxide and wherein the ratio of ultraviolet light absorbing metal oxide to ultraviolet light transparent metal oxide is such that the index of refraction of the particle is in the range of 1.5 to 1.6.
11. The film-forming composition of claim 10 wherein the particles comprise 1 to 44 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, zinc oxide, 1 to 34 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, zirconium oxide, and 55 to 87 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, silica.
12. The film-forming composition of claim 10 wherein the particles comprise 1 to 48 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, cerium oxide, 1 to 34 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, zirconium oxide, and 51 to 80 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, silica.
13. The film-forming composition of claim 10 wherein the particles comprise 1 to 18 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, iron oxide, 1 to 34 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, zirconium oxide, and 65 to 94 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, silica.
14. The film-forming composition of claim 1 wherein the particles have a mean particle size less than 50 nm.
15. The film-forming composition of claim 14 wherein the particles have a mean particle size less than 20 nm.
16. The film-forming composition of claim 1 wherein the composition is in a liquid medium.
17. The film-forming composition of claim 16 wherein the particles have an affinity for the medium sufficient to keep the particles suspended therein, said affinity of the particles for the medium being greater than the affinity of the particles for each other, thereby preventing agglomeration of the particles within the medium.
18. A multi-component composite coating composition comprising a pigmented film-forming composition serving as a base coat and a clear film-forming composition serving as a transparent topcoat over the base coat wherein the transparent topcoat is a curable film-forming composition comprising (i) 10 to 90 percent by weight based on the total weight of resin solids in the clear film-forming composition of a crosslinking agent; (ii) 10 to 90 percent by weight based on the total weight of resin solids in the clear film-forming composition of a polymer containing a plurality of functional groups reactive with the crosslinking agent; and (iii) 5 to 85 percent by volume based on the total volume of the film-forming composition of particles having a mean particle size less than 100 nm, having an index of refraction (n) that is greater than or less than that of the mixture of crosslinking agent (i) and polymer (ii) by an amount less than \u0394nmax, wherein \u0394nmax is determined by the equation:
\u0394nmax=Hd2
wherein H is an allowable haze factor and is less than 200, and d is the mean particle size of the particles (iii) in nanometers; and wherein the particles comprise a homogeneous mixture within the particles of 1 to 99 percent by weight of at least one metal oxide wherein the metal is selected from zinc, cerium, and iron; 1 to 99 percent by weight silica.
19. The film-forming composition of claim 18 wherein H is less than 133.
20. The film-forming composition of claim 19 wherein H is less than 41.
21. The multi-component composite coating composition of claim 18 wherein the polymer is present in the clear film-forming composition in amounts of 25 to 75 percent by weight, based on the total weight of resin solids in the clear film-forming composition.
22. The multi-component composite coating composition of claim 18 wherein the crosslinking agent is present in the clear film-forming composition in amounts of 25 to 75 percent by weight, based on the total weight of resin solids in the clear film-forming composition.
23. The multi-component composite coating composition of claim 18 wherein the particles are present in the clear film-forming composition in amounts of 25 to 85 percent by volume, based on the total volume of the clear film-forming composition.
24. The multi-component composite coating composition of claim 18 wherein the particles comprise 1 to 44 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, zinc oxide, 1 to 34 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, zirconium oxide and 55 to 87 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, silica.
25. The multi-component composite coating composition of claim 18 wherein the particles comprise 1 to 48 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, cerium oxide, 1 to 34 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, zirconium oxide and 51 to 80 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, silica.
26. The multi-component composite coating composition of claim 18 wherein the particles comprise 1 to 18 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, iron oxide, 1 to 34 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, zirconium, and 65 to 94 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the particles, silica.
27. The multi-component composite coating composition of claim 18 wherein the particles have a mean particle size less than 50 nm.
28. The multi-component composite coating composition of claim 27 wherein the particles have a mean particle size less than 20 nm.
29. A coated substrate in which the curable coating composition of claim 1 is applied and cured to form a cured coating; the cured coating having a thickness of at least 5 microns and having an ultraviolet absorbance of at least 0.5 at 350 nm; whereas a similar cured coating without the particles has an ultraviolet absorbance of no greater than 0.2 at 350 nm.
30. A coated substrate in which the multi-component composite coating composition of claim 18 is applied and cured to form a cured coating; the cured coating having a thickness of at least 5 microns and having an ultraviolet absorbance of at least 0.5 at 350 nm; whereas a similar cured coating without the particles has an ultraviolet absorbance of no greater than 0.2 at 350 nm.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A brake operating speed detecting device comprising:
brakes provided for the front and rear wheels and that generate braking forces corresponding to fluid pressures that change through braking operation;
rotational speed detectors that detect rotational speeds of wheels of a vehicle;
a deceleration calculator that calculates a vehicle body deceleration based on detection results of the rotational speed detectors;
a plurality of filters that filter the vehicle body decelerations sequentially obtained from the deceleration calculator, the plurality of filters having different cut-off frequencies; and
an operating speed detector that detects a brake operating speed based on output values obtained from the plurality of filters.
2. The device according to claim 1, wherein the operating speed detector detects the brake operating speed based on a state of distribution of the output values obtained from the plurality of filters.
3. The device according to claim 2, wherein the operating speed detector specifies, based on the state of distribution of the output values, a filter from the plurality of filters whose output value is damped with respect to its input value, and calculates the brake operating speed based on a cut-off frequency of the specified filter.
4. The device according to claim 1, wherein the operating speed detector detects the brake operating speed based on a degree of changes in the output values obtained from the plurality of filters.
5. The device according to claim 4, wherein the operating speed detector specifies, based on the degree of changes in the output values, a filter from the plurality of filters whose output value is damped with respect to its input value, and calculates the brake operating speed based on a cut-off frequency of the specified filter.
6. The device according to claim 1, wherein:
the plurality of filters includes two filters that filter the vehicle body decelerations sequentially obtained from the deceleration calculator with different cut-off frequencies; and
the operating speed detector detects the brake operating speed based on a difference between output values obtained from the two filters.
7. The device according to claim 6, wherein the difference between the output values increases as the brake operating speed increases.
8. A brake control device for controlling braking forces applied to rear wheels with respect to braking forces applied to front wheels, comprising:
brakes provided for the front and rear wheels and that generate braking forces corresponding to fluid pressures that change through braking operation;
an actuator disposed in a fluid pressure supply system of the brakes corresponding to the rear wheels and that operates in at least two modes: (1) a pressure-holding mode where the fluid pressures applied to the corresponding brakes are kept constant, and (2) a pressure-increasing mode where the fluid pressures are increased; and
a braking force distribution controller that controls the actuator such that the braking forces generated by the brakes for the rear wheels are reduced with respect to the braking forces for the front wheels, the braking force distribution controller including:
a plurality of filters that filter a vehicle body deceleration obtained based on a state of changes in rotational speeds of the wheels, the plurality of filters having different cut-off frequencies; and
an operating speed detector that detects a brake operating speed based on output values obtained from the plurality of filters;
the braking force distribution controller starting control of the actuator if it is judged, based on a detection result of the operating speed detector, that a hard braking operation has been performed.
9. The device according to claim 8, wherein the operating speed detector detects the brake operating speed based on a state of distribution of the output values obtained from the plurality of filters.
10. The device according to claim 9, wherein the operating speed detector specifies, based on the state of distribution of the output values, a filter from the plurality of filters whose output value is damped with respect to its input value, and calculates the brake operating speed based on a cut-off frequency of the specified filter.
11. The device according to claim 8, wherein the operating speed detector detects the brake operating speed based on a degree of changes in the output values obtained from the plurality of filters.
12. The device according to claim 11, wherein the operating speed detector specifies, based on the degree of changes in the output values, a filter from the plurality of filters whose output value is damped with respect to its input value, and calculates the brake operating speed based on a cut-off frequency of the specified filter.
13. The device according to claim 8 in that the plurality of filters includes two filters that filter the vehicle body decelerations with different cut-off frequencies; and
the operating speed detector detects the brake operating speed based on a difference between output values obtained from the two filters.
14. The device according to claim 13, wherein the difference between the output values increases as the brake operating speed increases.
15. A brake control device for controlling braking forces applied to rear wheels with respect to braking forces applied to front wheels, comprising:
brakes provided for the front and rear wheels and that generate braking forces corresponding to fluid pressures that change through a braking operation;
an actuator disposed in a fluid pressure supply system of the brakes corresponding to the rear wheels and that operates in at least two modes: (1) a pressure-holding mode where the fluid pressures applied to the corresponding brakes are kept constant, and (2) a pressure-increasing mode where the fluid pressures are increased; and
a braking force distribution controller that controls the actuator such that the braking forces generated by the brakes for the rear wheels are reduced with respect to the braking forces for the front wheels, the braking force distribution controller including:
a plurality of filters that filter a vehicle body deceleration obtained based on a state of changes in rotational speeds of the wheels, the plurality of filters having different cut-off frequencies;
an operating speed detector that detects a brake operating speed based on output values obtained from the plurality of filters; and
a rotational state detector that compares the rotational speeds of the front and rear wheels with each other and detects a state where the rotational speed of the rear wheels has become lower than the rotational speed of the front wheels by a predetermined value;
the braking force distribution controller starting control of the actuator based on detection results of the operating speed detector and the rotational state detector.
16. The device according to claim 15, wherein the operating speed detector detects the brake operating speed based on a state of distribution of the output values obtained from the plurality of filters.
17. The device according to claim 16, wherein the operating speed detector specifies, based on the state of distribution of the output values, a filter from the plurality of filters whose output value is damped with respect to its input value, and calculates the brake operating speed based on a cut-off frequency of the specified filter.
18. The device according to claim 15, wherein the operating speed detector detects the brake operating speed based on a degree of changes in the output values obtained from the plurality of filters.
19. The device according to claim 18, wherein the operating speed detector specifies, based on the degree of changes in the output values, a filter from the plurality of filters whose output value is damped with respect to its input value, and calculates a brake operating speed based on a cut-off frequency of the specified filter.
20. The device according to claim 15, in that the plurality of filters includes two filters that filter the vehicle body decelerations with different cut-off frequencies; and
the operating speed detector detects the brake operating speed based on a difference between output values obtained from the two filters.
21. The device according to claim 20, wherein the difference between the output values increases as the brake operating speed increases.
22. A brake operating speed detecting method comprising the steps of:
detecting rotational speeds of wheels of a vehicle;
calculating a vehicle body deceleration based on the detected rotational speeds;
filtering sequentially calculated vehicle body decelerations with a plurality of filters having different cut-off frequencies; and
detecting a brake operating speed based on output values obtained from the plurality of filters.
23. A brake control method for controlling braking forces applied to rear wheels with respect to braking forces applied to front wheels in a braking system having brakes for the front and rear wheels and that generates braking forces corresponding to fluid pressures that change through braking operation, and an actuator disposed in a fluid pressure supply system of the brakes corresponding to the rear wheels and that operates in at least two modes: (1) a pressure-holding mode where the fluid pressures applied to the corresponding brakes are kept constant, and (2) a pressure-increasing mode where the fluid pressures are increased; the method comprising the steps of:
filtering a vehicle body deceleration obtained based on a state of changes in rotational speeds of the wheels with a plurality of filters having different cut-off frequencies;
detecting a brake operating speed based on output values obtained from the plurality of filters; and
starting operation control of the actuator such that the braking forces applied to the rear wheels are reduced with respect to the braking forces applied to the front wheels, if it is judged, based on the detected brake operating speed, that a hard braking operation has been performed.
24. A brake control method for controlling braking forces applied to rear wheels with respect to braking forces applied to front wheels, in a braking system having brakes for the front and rear wheels and that generates braking forces corresponding to fluid pressures that change through braking operation, and an actuator disposed in a fluid pressure supply system of the brakes corresponding to the rear wheels, and that operated in at least two modes: (1) a pressure-holding mode where the fluid pressures applied to the corresponding brakes are kept constant, and (2) a pressure-increasing mode where the fluid pressures are increased; the method comprising the steps of:
filtering a vehicle body deceleration obtained based on a state of changes in rotational speeds of the wheels with a plurality of filters having different cut-off frequencies;
detecting a brake operating speed based on output values obtained from the plurality of filters;
comparing the rotational speeds of the front and rear wheels with each other and detecting a state where the rotational speed of the rear wheels has become lower than the rotational speed of the front wheels by a predetermined value; and
starting braking force distribution control if the detected operating speed is equal to or higher than a predetermined value and if the rotational speed of the rear wheels is lower than the rotational speed of the front wheels by a predetermined value or more.