1. A system for dissipating sound shock waves, comprising:
a tire that can be mounted to a wheel to create an internal air chamber defined by the wheel and said tire;
a flow-resistant barrier disposed within the internal air chamber. said barrier defining a boundary of an air cavity within the internal air chamber, said barrier comprising a material that provides an acoustical resistance to sound shock waves passing therethrough,
wherein the air cavity defined by said barrier has a volume such that air within the cavity allows the passage of shock waves through said barrier and into the air cavity.
2. The system according to claim 1, wherein centrifugal force erects said barrier around said wheel to create the air cavity.
3. The system according to claim 1, wherein said barrier produces frictional heat when displaced by a shock wave passing therethrough, thereby converting energy of the shock wave to heat to reduce noise associated therewith.
4. The system according to claim 1, wherein said barrier is disposed within the internal air chamber by being coupled to said tire.
5. The system according to claim 1, wherein said barrier comprises a dampening element that changes a resonant frequency of the system.
6. The system according to claim 1, wherein said barrier comprises a continuous layer of flow-resistant material.
7. (canceled)
8. (canceled)
9. (canceled)
10. The system according to claim 1, wherein said barrier comprises a plurality of overlapping elements disposed continuously within the internal air chamber such that each of said elements overlaps an end of an adjacent one of said elements.
11. The system according to claim 1, wherein said barrier comprises a plurality of elements disposed continuously within the internal air chamber such that every other one of said elements is overlapped on one of its ends by an adjacent one of said elements and is overlapped on another one of its ends by another adjacent one of said elements.
12. The system according to claim 1, wherein said barrier comprises a plurality of interlocking elements disposed continuously within the internal air chamber.
13. The system according to claim 1, wherein each of said interlocking elements comprises two components of flow-resistant material with a first component being longer than a second component, wherein said interlocking elements are disposed continuously within the internal air chamber such that the longer component of each one of said elements is disposed between the longer and shorter components of an adjacent one of said elements.
14. The system according to claim 1, wherein said flow-resistant barrier defines a plurality of air cavities within the internal air chamber, wherein said barrier provides an acoustical resistance to sound shock waves passing therethrough into each of the air cavities, and wherein each of the air cavities has a volume such that air within a respective air cavity allows the passage of shock waves through said barrier and into the respective air cavity.
15. The system according to claim 1, wherein said flow-resistant barrier comprises at least one tubular-shaped flow-resistant barrier disposed around said wheel.
16. The system according to claim 1, wherein said flow-resistant barrier comprises a plurality of tubular-shaped flow-resistant barriers disposed around said wheel.
17. The system according to claim 1, further comprising the wheel to which the tire is mounted.
18. A system for dissipating sound shock waves, comprising:
a tire that can be mounted to a wheel to create an internal air chamber defined by said tire and the wheel;
a flow-resistant barrier coupled to said tire and defining a boundary of an air cavity within the internal air chamber, said barrier comprising a material that provides an acoustical resistance to sound shock waves passing therethrough,
the air cavity defined by said barrier having a volume such that air within the cavity allows the passage of shock waves through said barrier and into the air cavity.
19. The system according to claim 18, further comprising the wheel, wherein said tire is mounted to said wheel.
20. A device for dissipating sound shock waves, comprising:
a flow-resistant barrier that defines a boundary of an air cavity within an internal air chamber created by a tire mounted to a wheel, said barrier comprising a material that provides an acoustical resistance to sound shock waves passing therethrough,
the air cavity defined by said barrier having a volume such that air within the cavity allows the passage of shock waves through said barrier and into the air cavity.
21. The system according to claim 20, further comprising the wheel, wherein said barrier is attached to said wheel.
22. The system according to claim 20, further comprising the tire, wherein said barrier is attached to said tire.
23. The system according to claim 20, further comprising the wheel and the tire, wherein said barrier is attached to one of said wheel and said tire.
24. (canceled)
25. (canceled)
26. (canceled)
27. (canceled)
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for on-board real-time diagnostics of a system, said method comprising the steps:
providing a reference model containing predefined operating conditions and predefined confounding variables of said system and outputting a reference characteristic;
measuring real-world operating conditions and real-world confounding variables of said system and outputting a plurality of system output variables;
providing an adaptive model input with said real-world operating conditions and said real-world confounding variables in a first phase and inputting said predefined operating conditions and said predefined confounding variables in a second phase;
providing a first comparator for comparing said plurality of system output variables with an output of said adaptive model;
feedback means for feeding the output of said first comparative to an input of said adaptive model during said first phase;
providing a second comparator to compare the output of said adaptive model during the second phase with said reference characteristic output of said reference model;
providing a diagnostics module receiving the output of said second comparator during said second phase in order to output a diagnosis of said system.
2. The method according to claim 1, further including the step of switching between said first phase and said second phase wherein said first phase is a training phase and said second phase is a diagnostics phase.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein said reference characteristic is a series of measured response functions generated by a stationary test of said system.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein said measured response function provides a polarization curve generated by a stationary test of a fuel cell powertrain.
5. The method according to claim 3, wherein said measured response function provide a speedtorque curve generated by a stationary test of an internal combustion engine.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein said system is a fuel cell powertrain.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein said real-world operating conditions and said real-world confounding variables are generated when a vehicle containing said system is being driven during normal operation.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein said system is a mobile technical system of a vehicle.
9. An arrangement for real time diagnostics of a system, comprising:
a reference model receiving predefined operating conditions and predefined confounding variables of said system and outputting a reference characteristic;
means for inputting to said system real-world operating conditions and real-world confounding variables of said system wherein the output of said system provides system output variables;
an adaptive model receiving, in a first phase, said real-world operating conditions and said real-world confounding variables and, in a second phase said predefined operating conditions and said predefined confounding variables to provide a first output during said first phase and a second output during said second phase;
first comparator means for comparing said system output variables with said first output of said adaptive model;
feedback means receiving an output of said first comparator means and feeding said output to said adaptive model during said first phase;
second comparator means for comparing an output of said reference model with the second output of said adaptive model during said second phase;
a diagnostics module receiving an output of said second comparator during said second phase;
switching means for switching between said first and second phase.
10. The arrangement according to claim 9, wherein said first phase is a training phase and said second phase is a diagnostics phase.
11. The arrangement according to claim 9, wherein said reference characteristics are a series of measured response functions generated by a stationary test of said system.
12. The arrangement according to claim 11, wherein said measured response functions provide a polarization curve generated by a stationary test of a fuel cell powertrain.
13. The arrangement according to claim 11, wherein said measured response functions provide speedtorque curve generated by a stationary test of an internal combustion engine.
14. The arrangement according to claim 9, wherein said system is a fuel cell powertrain.
15. The arrangement according to claim 9, wherein said real-world operation conditions and said real-world confounding variables are generated from a measuring means during the normal driving operation of a vehicle containing said system.