1. A ferroelectric element having a ferroelectric layer sandwiched by conductive electrodes on a substrate, wherein
the ferroelectric element has a crystal structure in a tetragonal system, is constituted by lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) having additional elements that make a (ca) ratio of a lattice constant length of an axis c to a length of an axis a to within a range from 1.001 to 1.008, and includes a single layer ferroelectric layer.
2. The ferroelectric element according to claim 1, wherein the ferroelectric layer has 90% or more of a degree of orientation to a (111) surface in a thickness direction.
3. The ferroelectric element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the ferroelectric layer is 100 nm or more.
4. The ferroelectric element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the PLZT has a molar ratio (ZrTi) of zirconium (Zr) to titanium (Ti) within a range from 0.4 to 1.0.
5. The ferroelectric element according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the PLZT contains one or more additional element selected from metal elements of alkali earth metal or iron family.
6. The ferroelectric element according to claim 5, wherein the additional element is at least one element selected from Ca, Sr, Ir, and Ru.
7. The ferroelectric element according to claim 6, wherein the additional element is added by a value within a range from 0.01 to 0.1 to PLZT per 1.0 of PLZT at a molar ratio.
8. The ferroelectric element according to claim 1 or 2, comprising a lower electrode containing at least any one of Pt, Ir, and IrOx.
9. The ferroelectric element according to claim 1 or 2, comprising an upper electrode containing at least any one of Ir, IrOx, Ru, RuOx, and SrRuO3.
10. The ferroelectric element according to claim 9, comprising an upper electrode containing both or either one of IrOx and Ir.
11. A method of manufacturing a ferroelectric element having a ferroelectric layer sandwiched by conductive electrodes on a substrate, comprising: a step of forming a single layer lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) precursor containing additional elements that make a (ca) ratio of a lattice constant length of an axis c to a length of an axis a to within a range from 1.001 to 1.008 on a lower electrode of a conductive electrode; a step of first heat treating the precursor; and a step of second heat treating the precursor after forming an upper electrode thereon.
12. A method of manufacturing a ferroelectric element having a ferroelectric layer sandwiched by conductive electrodes on a substrate, comprising: a step of forming a single layer lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) precursor containing additional elements that make a (ca) ratio of a lattice constant length of an axis c to a length of an axis a to within a range from 1.001 to 1.008 on a lower electrode of a conductive electrode; and a step of heat treating the precursor after forming an upper electrode thereon at 200\xb0 C. or above.
13. The method of manufacturing a ferroelectric element according to claim 11 or 12, wherein the upper electrode contains at least any one of Ir, IrOx, Ru, RuOx, and SrRuO3.
14. The method of manufacturing a ferroelectric element according to claim 13, wherein the upper electrode contains both or either one of Ir and IrOx.
15. The method of manufacturing a ferroelectric element according to claim 11, wherein the first heat treatment is carried out at or below 650\xb0 C., and the second heat treatment is carried out at or above 650\u222a C.
16. The method of manufacturing a ferroelectric element according to claim 12, wherein the heat treatment is carried out at or below 650\xb0 C.
17. The method of manufacturing a ferroelectric element according to claim 12, wherein the heat treatment is a multi-stage heat treatment, and a final heat treatment is carried out in a 100% oxygen atmosphere.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. One or more computer-readable storage media storing computer-useable instructions that, when used by one or more computing devices, cause the one or more computing devices to perform a method for presenting, in association with search engine results pages, results of search queries with indications that domains associated with at least a portion of such results have been endorsed by a user andor social network connections of the user, the method comprising:
receiving a search query from a user;
identifying a plurality of documents that satisfies the received search query;
determining that the user is authenticated with at least one social networking application associated with the social network connections of the user;
identifying at least one document of the plurality of documents having a head domain that has been endorsed by the user andor one or more of the social network connections of the user; and
presenting an identifier of the at least one document on a search engine results page with an indication that the head domain associated with the document has been endorsed by the user andor the one or more of the social network connections of the user.
2. The one or more computer-readable storage media of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises presenting an identifier of the user andor one or more social network connections of the user that endorsed the head domain associated with the at least one document.
3. The one or more computer-readable storage media of claim 1, wherein identifying a plurality of documents that satisfies the received search query comprises identifying a plurality of algorithmically-derived Web documents that satisfy the received search query.
4. The one or more computer-readable storage media of claim 1, wherein determining that the user is authenticated with the at least one social networking application associated with the social network connections of the user comprises determining that data associated with the social network connections of the user is available.
5. The one or more computer-readable storage media of claim 4, wherein determining that data associated with the one or more social network connections of the user is available comprises determining that the user is engaged in an active session with the at least one social networking application.
6. The one or more computer-readable storage media of claim 5, wherein the data associated with the one or more social network connections of the user is retrieved from a data store associated with the social networking application.
7. The one or more computer-readable storage media of claim 1, wherein receiving the search query from the user comprises receiving the search query via a user interface associated with a search application, and wherein the data associated with the one or more social network connections of the user is retrieved from a data store associated with the search application.
8. The one or more computer-readable storage media of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the social network connections of the user are first degree social network connections.
9. A method being performed by one or more computing devices including at least one processor, for presenting, in association with search engine results pages, results of search queries with personalized endorsement indications, the method comprising:
receiving a search query from a user;
identifying a plurality of documents that satisfies the received search query;
determining that data associated with social networking connections of the user is available;
identifying at least one document of the plurality of documents having a head domain that has been endorsed by the user andor one or more of the social network connections of the user; and
presenting an identifier of the at least one document on a search engine results page with a personalized endorsement indication indicating that the head domain associated with the document has been endorsed by the user andor the one or more of the social network connections of the user.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising presenting an identifier of the user andor one or more social network connections of the user that endorsed the head domain associated with the at least one document.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein identifying a plurality of documents that satisfies the received search query comprises identifying a plurality of algorithmically-derived Web documents that satisfy the received search query.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein determining that data associated with the one or more social network connections of the user is available comprises determining that the user is engaged in an active session with a social networking application associated with the data.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the data associated with the one or more social network connections of the user is retrieved from a data store associated with the social networking application.
14. The method of claim 9, wherein receiving the search query from the user comprises receiving the search query via a user interface associated with a search application, and wherein the data associated with the one or more social network connections of the user is retrieved from a data store associated with the search application.
15. The method of claim 9, wherein at least a portion of the social network connections of the user are first degree social network connections.
16. One or more computer-readable storage media storing computer-useable instructions that, when used by one or more computing devices, cause the one or more computing device to perform a method for presenting, in association with search engine results pages, results of search queries with indications that head domains associated with at least a portion of such results are associated with webpages that have been endorsed by a user andor social network connections of the user, the method comprising:
receiving a search query from a user;
identifying a plurality of documents that satisfies the received search query;
determining that the user is authenticated with at least one social networking application associated with the social network connections of the user;
identifying at least one document of the plurality of documents that has a head domain that is associated with a social networking application webpage, the social networking application webpage having been endorsed by the user andor one or more of the social network connections of the user; and
presenting an identifier of the at least one document on a search engine results page with an indication that the head domain has been endorsed by the user andor the one or more of the social network connections of the user.
17. The one or more computer-readable storage media of claim 16, wherein the method further comprises presenting an identifier of the user andor one or more social network connections of the user that endorsed the head domain associated with the at least one document.
18. The one or more computer-readable storage media of claim 16, wherein determining that the user is authenticated with the at least one social networking application associated with the social network connections of the user comprises determining that data associated with the social network connections of the user is available.
19. The one or more computer-readable storage media of claim 18, wherein the data associated with the social network connections of the user is retrieved from a data store associated with the social networking application.
20. The one or more computer-readable storage media of claim 16, wherein receiving the search query from the user comprises receiving the search query via a user interface associated with a search application, and wherein the data associated with the social network connections of the user is retrieved from a data store associated with the search application.