1. A compound having the formula:
wherein:
R1 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl;
R2 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u03b2-oriented hydrogen and \u03b1-oriented hydrogen;
R3 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u03b2-oriented hydrogen and \u03b1-oriented hydrogen;
R4 is hydroxyl;
R5 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydroxymethyl and carboxyl; and
R6 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u03b2-oriented hydrogen and \u03b1-oriented hydrogen;
or alternatively,
R2 is an \u03b1-oriented hydrogen, and
R4 and R5 together with the carbons to which they are attached, join to form a substituted \u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl or substituted furane ring;
or alternatively,
R1 is hydrogen, and
R4 and R5 together with the carbons to which they are attached, join to form a substituted \u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl or substituted ring;
or alternatively,
R4 and R5 together with the carbons to which they are attached, join to form a substituted \u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl,
and R2 and R6 are both absent and form a pyrrole ring, provided however that when R1 is \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(R)-butyroylactonyl, R3 is an \u03b1-oriented hydrogen.
2. The compound of claim 1, wherein said compound has the formula
wherein:
R1 is hydrogen;
R2 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u03b2-oriented hydrogen and \u03b1-oriented-hydrogen; and
R3 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u03b2-oriented hydrogen and \u03b1-oriented hydrogen.
3. The compound of claim 1, wherein
R1 is an \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl;
R2 is an \u03b1-oriented hydrogen;
R3 is an \u03b1-oriented hydrogen; and
R4 and R5 together with the carbons to which they are attached, join to form a substituted \u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl.
4. The compound of claim 1, wherein
R1 is an \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl;
R2 is an \u03b1-oriented hydrogen;
R3 is a \u03b2-oriented hydrogen; and
R4 and R5 together with the carbons to which they are attached, join to form a substituted \u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl.
5. The compound of claim 2, wherein
R1 is a hydrogen;
R2 is a \u03b2-oriented hydrogen; and
R3 is a \u03b2-oriented hydrogen.
6. The compound of claim 1, wherein said compound has the formula
7. The compound of claim 1, wherein said compound has the formula
wherein:
R4 is a hydroxyl; and
R5 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydroxymethyl and carboxyl;
or alternatively,
R4 and R5 together with the carbons to which they are attached, join to form a substituted furane ring.
8. The compound of claim 7, wherein
R4 is a hydroxyl; and
R5 is a hydroxymethyl.
9. The compound of claim 7, wherein
R4 is a hydroxyl; and
R5 is a carboxyl.
10. The compound of claim 7, wherein said compound has the formula
11. A pharmaceutical composition, said composition comprising a compound having the formula:
wherein:
R1 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl;
R2 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u03b2-oriented hydrogen and \u03b1-oriented hydrogen;
R3 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u03b2-oriented hydrogen and \u03b1-oriented hydrogen;
R4 is hydroxyl;
R5 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydroxymethyl and carboxyl;
or alternatively,
R4 and R5 together with the carbons to which they are attached, join to form a substituted \u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl or substituted furane ring; and
R6 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u03b2-oriented hydrogen and \u03b1-oriented hydrogen;
or alternatively,
R4 and R5 together with the carbons to which they are attached, join to form a substituted \u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl,
and R2 and R6 are both absent and form a pyrrole ring, provided however that when R1 is \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(R)-butyroylactonyl, R3 is an \u03b1-oriented hydrogen; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
12. The composition of claim 11, wherein said compound has the formula
wherein:
R1 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl;
R2 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u03b2-oriented hydrogen and \u03b1-oriented hydrogen; and
R3 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u03b2-oriented hydrogen and \u03b1-oriented hydrogen.
13. The composition of claim 12, wherein
R1 is an \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl;
R2 is an \u03b1-oriented hydrogen; and
R3 is an \u03b1-oriented hydrogen.
14. The composition of claim 12, wherein
R1 is an \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl;
R2 is an \u03b1-oriented hydrogen; and
R3 is a \u03b2-oriented hydrogen.
15. The composition of claim 12, wherein
R1 is a hydrogen;
R2 is a \u03b2-oriented hydrogen; and
R3 is a \u03b2-oriented hydrogen.
16. The composition of claim 12, wherein
R1 is an \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl;
R2 is a \u03b2-oriented hydrogen; and
R3 is a \u03b2-oriented hydrogen.
17. The composition of claim 11, wherein said compound has the formula
18. The composition of claim 11, wherein said compound has the formula
wherein:
R4 is a hydroxyl; and
R5 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydroxymethyl and carboxyl;
or alternatively,
R4 and R5 together with the carbons to which they are attached, join to form a substituted furane ring.
19. The composition of claim 18, wherein
R4 is a hydroxyl; and
R5 is a hydroxymethyl.
20. The composition of claim 18, wherein
R4 is a hydroxyl; and
R5 is a carboxyl.
21. The composition of claim 18, said compound has the formula
22. A method for reducing coughing in a subject, said method comprising:
administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound having the formula:
\u2003wherein:
R1 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl;
R2 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u03b2-oriented hydrogen and \u03b1-oriented hydrogen;
R3 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u03b2-oriented hydrogen and \u03b1-oriented hydrogen;
R4 is hydroxyl;
R5 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydroxymethyl and carboxyl;
or alternatively,
R4 and R5 together with the carbons to which they are attached, join to form a substituted \u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl or substituted furane ring; and
R6 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u03b2-oriented hydrogen and \u03b1-oriented hydrogen;
or alternatively,
R4 and R5 together with the carbons to which they are attached, join to form a substituted \u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl,
and R2 and R6 are both absent and form a pyrrole ring, provided however that when R1 is \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(R)-butyroylactonyl, R3 is an \u03b1-oriented hydrogen.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein said compound has the formula
wherein:
R1 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl;
R2 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u03b2-orientated hydrogen and \u03b1-oriented hydrogen; and
R3 is a member selected from the group consisting of \u03b2-oriented hydrogen and \u03b1-oriented hydrogen.
24. The method of claim 23, wherein
R1 is an \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl;
R2 is an \u03b1-oriented hydrogen; and
R3 is an \u03b1-oriented hydrogen.
25. The method of claim 23, wherein
R1 is an \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl;
R2 is an \u03b1-oriented hydrogen; and
R3 is a \u03b2-oriented hydrogen.
26. The method of claim 23, wherein
R1 is a hydrogen;
R2 is a \u03b2-oriented hydrogen; and
R3 is a \u03b2-oriented hydrogen.
27. The method of claim 23, wherein
R1 is an \u03b1(S)-methyl-\u03b3(S)-butyroylactonyl;
R2 is a \u03b2-orientated hydrogen; and
R3 is a \u03b2-oriented hydrogen.
28. The method of claim 22, wherein said compound has the formula
29. The method of claim 22, wherein said compound has the formula
wherein:
R4 is hydroxyl; and
R5 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydroxymethyl and carboxyl;
or alternatively,
R4 and R5 and the carbons to which they are attached join, to form a substituted furane ring.
30. The method of claim 29, wherein
R4 is a hydroxyl; and
R5 is a hydroxymethyl.
31. The method of claim 29, wherein
R4 is a hydroxyl; and
R5 is a carboxyl.
32. The method of claim 29, wherein said compound has the formula
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A load circuit for simulating different standard load currents for different kinds of Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, each of the USB ports comprising a power terminal; the load circuit comprising:
a switch unit comprising a plurality of switches; and
a current dividing circuit comprising a plurality of sub-circuits, each of the sub-circuits comprising a resistance module and a transistor, wherein a terminal of the resistance module of each of the sub-circuits is connected to both the power terminal and a terminal of a corresponding one of the switches, another terminal of the resistance module of each of the sub-circuits is connected to a drain of the transistor, a source of the transistor is connected to ground, and a gate of the transistor is connected to ground through a resistor and is also connected to another terminal of the corresponding switch through another resistor.
2. The load circuit of claim 1, further comprising a malfunction indication circuit, wherein the malfunction indication circuit comprises a light-emitting diode (LED), an anode of the LED is connected to the power terminal through a resistor, and a cathode of the LED is connected to ground.
3. The load circuit of claim 1, wherein the switch unit is a toggle switch, and comprises first to sixteenth terminals, the first terminal is electronically connectable to and disconnectable from the sixteenth terminal to form a first switch, the second terminal is electronically connectable to and disconnectable from the fifteenth terminal to form a second switch, the third terminal is electronically connectable to and disconnectable from the fourteenth terminal to form a third switch, the fourth terminal is electronically connectable to and disconnectable from the thirteenth terminal to form a fourth switch, the fifth terminal is electronically connectable to and disconnectable from the twelfth terminal to form a fifth switch, the sixth terminal is electronically connectable to and disconnectable from the eleventh terminal to form a sixth switch, the seventh terminal is electronically connectable to and disconnectable from the tenth terminal to form a seventh switch, and the eighth terminal is electronically connectable to and disconnectable from the ninth terminal to form an eighth switch.
4. The load circuit of claim 3, further comprising a function-testing circuit, wherein the function-testing circuit comprises a control switch, a terminal of the control switch is connected to the power terminal via the seventh switch, and another terminal of the control switch is connected to ground.
5. The load circuit of claim 3, wherein the eighth switch is idle.
6. The load circuit of claim 3, wherein the plurality of the sub-circuits comprises a first sub-circuit corresponding to the first switch, a second sub-circuit corresponding to the second switch, a third sub-circuit corresponding to the third switch, a fourth sub-circuit corresponding to the fourth switch, a fifth sub-circuit corresponding to the fifth switch, and a sixth sub-circuit corresponding to the sixth switch.
7. The load circuit of claim 6, wherein the resistance of the resistance module of the first sub-circuit is about 50 ohms.
8. The load circuit of claim 6, wherein the resistance of the resistance module of the second sub-circuit is about 50 ohms.
9. The load circuit of claim 6, wherein the resistance of the resistance module of the third sub-circuit is about 35 ohms.
10. The load circuit of claim 6, wherein the resistance of the resistance module of the fourth sub-circuit is about 35 ohms.
11. The load circuit of claim 6, wherein the resistance of the resistance module of the fifth sub-circuit is about 10 ohms.
12. The load circuit of claim 6, wherein the resistance of the resistance module of the sixth sub-circuit is about 7 and 17 ohms.
13. A load circuit, comprising:
a switch unit comprising a plurality of switches; and
a current dividing circuit comprising a plurality of sub-circuits;
wherein each of the sub-circuits is connectable to at least one Universal Serial Bus (USB) port and connected to a corresponding one of the switches;
each of the sub-circuits is configured to draw a respective load current from the at least one USB port when the sub-circuit is connected to the at least one USB port and the corresponding switch is turned on; and
when a selected one or a selected plurality of the switches is or are turned on, the corresponding one sub-circuit or corresponding plurality of sub-circuits is or are connected to the at least one USB port, and the corresponding one sub-circuit or corresponding plurality of sub-circuits draw a desired load current from the at least one USB port.