1. A device to transmit a sound to a user having a cochlea on a first side and a second cochlea on a second side, the device comprising:
an input assembly configured to receive a sound input, the input assembly comprising a light source to transmit a light; and
an output assembly comprising an output transducer configured to couple to a substantially fixed bone tissue to transmit the sound and vibrate the cochlea on the first side with bone conduction of the substantially fixed bone tissue, wherein the sound transmitted to the cochlea is substantially attenuated at the second cochlea, the output assembly further comprising,
at least one photodetector to receive the light,
an anchor configured to affix the output transducer assembly to the substantially fixed bone tissue and support the output assembly with the substantially fixed bone tissue of the ear;
wherein the output transducer vibrates the substantially fixed bone tissue to transmit the sound to the user with bone conduction in response to the light and wherein the transducer is configured to vibrate the second cochlea located on the second side of the user with substantial attenuation of the sound at the second cochlea sufficient for the user to localize the sound to the first side.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein the output assembly is configured to couple to the bone tissue to decrease stimulation of a second cochlea of the user.
3. The device of claim 1 wherein the substantially fixed bone tissue comprises at least one of a cochlear bone tissue, a temporal bone tissue, or a mastoid bone tissue.
4. The device of claim 3 wherein the temporal bone tissue comprises the cochlear bone tissue and wherein the output assembly is configured to couple to the cochlear bone tissue.
5. The device of claim 4 wherein the cochlear bone tissue comprises a promontory disposed between the cochlea and a middle ear.
6. The device of claim 5 wherein the promontory comprises a rounded prominence formed by a projection outward of the first turn of the cochlea and wherein the output assembly comprises an anchor sized to the promontory.
7. The device of claim 4 wherein the output assembly is configured to extend at least partially into the cochlear bone tissue to couple to the cochlea to decrease stimulation of a second cochlea of the user.
8. The device of claim 7 wherein the output assembly is configured to extend into the cochlear bone tissue a distance within a range from about 0.5 mm to about 3 mm to couple the transducer to the bone tissue.
9. The device of claim 8 wherein the output assembly comprises a stop to limit a penetration depth of the output assembly into the cochlear bone tissue.
10. The device of claim 1 wherein the input assembly comprises a microphone configured for placement on the first side of the user to generate a signal in response to the sound, and wherein the input assembly is configured to transmit the signal to the output assembly to localize the sound to the first side.
11. The device of claim 1 wherein the sound transmitted to the cochlea comprises a first amount and the sound transmitted to the second cochlea comprises a second amount, wherein the second amount is at least about 6 dB less than the first amount.
12. The device of claim 11 wherein the second amount is at least about 10 dB less than the first amount.
13. The device of claim 12 wherein the second amount is at least about 20 dB less than the first amount.
14. The device of claim 1 wherein a microphone is configured for placement on the first side outside an ear canal near an opening of the ear canal or within the ear canal to transmit sound comprising spatial localization cues and frequencies of at least about 4 kHz to the cochlea.
15. The device of claim 14 wherein the transducer is configured to vibrate the cochlea on the first side with the frequencies of at least about 4 kHz.
16. The device of claim 14 wherein the microphone is configured to measure sound having frequencies within a range from about 60 Hz to at least about 15 kHz and the transducer is configured to vibrate the cochlea on the first side with the range of frequencies from about 60 Hz to at least about 15 kHz.
17. The device of claim 16 wherein the microphone is configured to measure sound having frequencies within a range from about 60 Hz to about 20 kHz and the transducer is configured to vibrate the cochlea on the first side with the range of frequencies from about 60 Hz to about 20 kHz.
18. The device of claim 1 further comprising an anchor configured to affix to the bone tissue.
19. The device of claim 18 wherein the anchor comprises at least one of protrusions, holes or recesses to couple to the bone.
20. The device of claim 19 wherein the anchor comprises the protrusions and the recesses and wherein the protrusions and the recesses comprise threads shaped to screw the anchor into the cochlear bone tissue.
21. A system to transmit a sound to a user having a first ear on a first side and a second ear on a second side, the first ear having a first cochlea on the first side, the second ear having a second cochlea on the second side, the system comprising:
a first input assembly configured to receive a first sound with a first microphone on the first side of the user, the first input assembly comprising a first light source to transmit a first light;
a first output assembly comprising a first transducer configured to couple to a first substantially fixed bone tissue on the first side to transmit the first sound to the user with bone conduction of the first substantially fixed bone tissue, the output transducer assembly further comprising,
at least one first photodetector to receive the first light,
a first anchor configured to affix the first output transducer assembly to the first substantially fixed bone tissue and support the first output assembly with the first substantially fixed bone tissue of the ear,
wherein the first output transducer vibrates the first substantially fixed bone tissue to transmit the first sound to the user with bone conduction in response to the first light and wherein the first sound transmitted to the first cochlea is substantially attenuated at the second cochlea and wherein the first transducer is configured to vibrate the second cochlea located on the second side of the user with substantial attenuation of the sound at the second cochlea sufficient for the user to localize the sound to the first side;
a second input assembly configured to receive a second sound with a second microphone on a second side of the user, the second output transducer assembly comprising a second light source to transmit a second light; and
a second output assembly comprising a second transducer configured to couple to a second substantially fixed bone tissue of on the second side to transmit the second sound to the user with bone conduction of the second substantially fixed bone tissue, the output transducer assembly further comprising,
at least one second photodetector to receive the second light,
a second anchor configured to affix the second output transducer assembly to the second substantially fixed bone tissue and support the second output assembly with the second substantially fixed bone tissue,
wherein the second output transducer vibrates the second substantially fixed bone tissue to transmit the second sound to the user with bone conduction in response to the second light and wherein the second sound transmitted to the second cochlea is substantially attenuated at the first cochlea and wherein the second transducer is configured to vibrate the first cochlea located on the first side of the user with substantial attenuation of the sound at the first cochlea sufficient for the user to localize the sound to the second side.
22. The system of claim 21 wherein the first microphone is configured to measure a first sound of the first side and the first output assembly is configured to transmit the first sound of the first side to a first cochlea of the first side and wherein the second microphone is configured to measure a second sound of the second side and the second output assembly is configured to transmit the second sound of the second side to a second cochlea of the second side.
23. The system of claim 21 wherein the first microphone is configured to measure a first sound localization cue and the first output assembly is configured to transmit the first sound localization cue to a first cochlea of the first side and the second microphone is configured to measure a second sound localization cue and the second output assembly is configured to transmit the second sound localization cue to a second cochlea of the second side.
24. The system of claim 23 wherein the first output assembly and the second output assembly are configured to transmit the first and second sounds to the first and second cochleae, respectively, such that the user perceives the first sound on the first side and the second sound on the second side.
25. A method of transmitting sound to a user having an ear comprising substantially fixed bone tissue, the user having a cochlea are located on a first side of the user and a second cochlea located on a second side opposite the first side, the method comprising:
transmitting light energy from an input assembly to an output transducer connected to the substantially fixed bone tissue;
receiving the light energy with at least one photodetector of an output assembly comprising the output transducer, and
vibrating the substantially fixed bone tissue with the output transducer in response to the light energy to transmit the sound to the user with bone conduction, wherein the transducer vibrates the cochlea with a first amount of energy in response to the light energy and vibrates the second cochlea with a second amount of energy in response to the light energy, and wherein the second amount is less than the first amount such that the user localizes the sound to the first side.
26. The method of claim 25 wherein the light energy comprises light energy transmitted through the eardrum to vibrate the transducer.
27. The method of claim 25 wherein fascia tissue is positioned over the transducer and wherein the light energy comprises light energy transmitted through the fascia to vibrate the transducer.
28. The method of claim 27 wherein the light energy is transmitted through a posterior portion of the eardrum to vibrate the transducer.
29. The method of claim 25 wherein a skull of the user attenuates the vibration of the transducer transmitted from the first side to the second side by at least about 6 dB such that the user localizes the sound to the first side.
30. The method of claim 25 wherein the light energy comprises an audio signal from a first microphone on the first side.
31. The method of claim 30 wherein the microphone is positioned in an ear canal or near an ear canal opening and wherein the audio signal comprises sound localization cues having frequencies above about 4 kHz.
32. The method of claim 30 further comprising a second microphone on the second side and a second transducer coupled to the substantially fixed bone tissue on the second side and wherein second transducer vibrates the second cochlea in response to a second light energy and wherein the user localizes the sound to the second side in response to the second light energy.
33. A method of providing an output assembly to transmit sound to a user having an ear comprising a substantially fixed bone tissue, the user having a cochlea are located on a first side of the user and a second cochlea located on a second side opposite the first side, the method comprising:
providing the output assembly comprising an output transducer, the output assembly comprising at least one photodetector to receive a light energy;
forming a channel in the substantially fixed bone tissue; and
positioning an end of the assembly at least partially within the channel to couple the transducer to the substantially fixed bone tissue, wherein the output transducer vibrates the substantially fixed bone tissue in response to the light energy to transmit the sound to the user with bone conduction, wherein the transducer vibrates the cochlea with a first amount of energy in response to the light energy and vibrates the second cochlea with a second amount of energy in response to the light energy, and wherein the second amount is less than the first amount such that the user localizes the sound to the first side.
34. The method of claim 33 wherein fascia tissue is positioned over the at least one photodetector when the output assembly device is positioned at least partially within the channel.
35. The method of claim 33 wherein the output assembly is affixed to the substantially fixed bone tissue when the device is positioned at least partially within the channel.
36. A device to transmit a sound to a user having an ear having a substantially fixed bone tissue, the user having a cochlea are located on a first side of the user and a second cochlea located on a second side opposite the first side, the device comprising:
input assembly means for transmitting a light signal; and
output assembly means for receiving the light signal and vibrating the substantially fixed bone tissue in response to the light signal to transmit the sound to the user with bone conduction, wherein the output assembly means vibrates the cochlea with a first amount of energy in response to the light energy and vibrates the second cochlea with a second amount of energy in response to the light energy, and wherein the second amount is less than the first amount such that the user localizes the sound to the first side.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method of solving an optimization problem with an analog circuit, the method comprising:
(a) providing an optimization lattice comprising:
(i) rows of common voltage conductors;
(ii) columns of common voltage conductors; and
(iii) a resistance Rij connected between row i and column j of the optimization lattice;
(b) connecting one or more cost functions to corresponding cost function rows of the optimization lattice;
(c) connecting zero or more equality constraints to the optimization lattice;
(d) connecting zero or more inequality constraints to the optimization lattice;
(e) providing voltage sources to each cost function, equality constraint, and inequality constraint; and
(f) reading the voltages of the optimization lattice columns of common voltage conductors after the optimization lattice has reached steady state;
(g) wherein the voltages of the optimization lattice columns of common voltage conductors form a solution vector to the optimization problem.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein each cost function comprises a voltage supplied to a corresponding cost function row of the optimization lattice.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein each equality constraint is a voltage supplied to one of the corresponding rows of the optimization lattice through a negative resistance.
4. The method of claim 1:
wherein each inequality constraint is a voltage supplied to one of the corresponding rows of the optimization lattice through a negative resistance, and then through an implementation of a perfect diode.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein the negative resistance is implemented through an operational amplifier.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the negative resistance is implemented through an operational amplifier.
7. The method of claim 4, wherein the perfect diode is implemented through an operational amplifier.
8. The of claim 1, wherein the resistances R1 connected between row i and column j of the optimization lattice, when inverted, form elements of a conductance matrix G;
(a) wherein element Gij is the i, j element of G;
(b) wherein i\u03b5(0, . . . , m);
(c) wherein j\u03b5(1, . . . , n); and
(d)
G
ij
=
1
R
ij
;
(e) wherein m is the sum of the number of equality constraints plus the number of inequality constraints.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the optimization problem is selected from a group of optimization problems consisting of: Linear Programming (LP) problems, and Quadratic Programming (QP) problems.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein absent all resistances Rij connected between row i and column j of the optimization lattice, each row and column of common voltage conductors in the optimization lattice are electrically isolated.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein each constraint negative resistance for a particular row \u03b1 is calculated as
–
1
\u2211
k
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
1
R
k
,
where Rk=1G\u03b1k.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein each constraint voltage source for a particular row \u03b1 is calculated as
b
\u03b1
\u2211
k
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
1
R
k
,
where Rk=1G\u03b1k and b\u03b1 is the corresponding constraint value for row \u03b1.
13. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
changing one or more of the voltage sources to the cost functions, the equality constraints, or the inequality constraints without otherwise changing the optimization lattice; and then
re-reading the voltages of the optimization lattice columns of common voltage conductors after the optimization lattice has reached steady state.
14. A method of solving an optimization problem with an analog circuit, the method comprising:
(a) providing an optimization problem of the form:
min
V
=
V
1
,
\u2026
\ue89e
,
V
n
T
\ue89e
(
c
T
\ue89e
V
)
s
.
t
.
\ue89e
A
eq
\ue89e
V
=
b
eq
A
ineq
\ue89e
V
\u2264
b
ineq
;
(b) recasting the optimization problem so that Aineq, Aeq, and c have non-negative entries; and
(c) modeling the recast optimization problem in an optimization lattice; and
(d) wherein V=V1, . . . , VnT are solution voltages.
15. An analog circuit for solving an optimization problem, comprising:
(a) an optimization lattice comprising:
(i) rows of common voltage conductors;
(ii) columns of common voltage conductors; and
(iii) a resistance Rij connected between row i and column j of the optimization lattice;
(b) one or more cost functions connected to corresponding cost function rows of the optimization lattice;
(c) zero or more equality constraints connected to the optimization lattice;
(d) zero or more inequality constraints connected to the optimization lattice;
(e) voltage sources connected to the cost functions, the equality constraints, the inequality constraints; and
(f) output voltages of optimization lattice columns of common voltage conductors after the optimization lattice has reached steady state;
(g) wherein the output voltages of the optimization lattice columns of common voltage conductors form a solution vector to an optimization problem.
16. The analog circuit of claim 15, wherein each cost function comprises a voltage supplied to a corresponding cost function row of the optimization lattice.
17. The analog circuit of claim 15, wherein each equality constraint is a voltage supplied to one of the corresponding rows of the optimization lattice through a negative resistance.
18. The analog circuit of claim 15, wherein each inequality constraint is a voltage supplied to one of the corresponding rows of the optimization lattice through a negative resistance, and then through an implementation of a perfect diode.
19. The analog circuit of claim 17, wherein the negative resistance is implemented through an operational amplifier.
20. The analog circuit of claim 18, wherein the negative resistance is implemented through an operational amplifier.
21. The analog circuit of claim 18, wherein the perfect diode is implemented through one or more devices selected from a group of devices consisting of: an operational amplifier, a comparator, a switch, and a Field Effect Transistor (FET).
22. The analog circuit of claim 15, wherein the resistances Rij connected between row i and column j of the optimization lattice, when inverted, form elements of a conductance matrix G;
(a) wherein element Gij is the i, j element of G;
(b) wherein i\u03b5(0, . . . , m);
(c) wherein j\u03b5(1, . . . , n); and
(d)
G
ij
=
1
R
ij
;
(e) wherein m is the sum of the number of equality constraints plus the number of inequality constraints.
23. The analog circuit of claim 15, wherein the optimization problem is selected from a group of optimization problems consisting of: Linear Programming (LP) problems, and Model Predictive Control (MPC) problems.
24. The analog circuit of claim 15, wherein absent all resistances Rij connected between row i and column j of the optimization lattice, each row and column of common voltage conductors in the optimization lattice are electrically isolated.
25. The analog circuit of claim 15, wherein each constraint negative resistance for a particular row \u03b1 has a value of
–
1
\u2211
k
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
1
R
k
,
where Rk=1G\u03b1k.
26. The analog circuit of claim 15, wherein each constraint voltage source for a particular row \u03b1 has a value of
b
\u03b1
\u2211
k
=
1
n
\ue89e
\ue89e
1
R
k
,
where Rk=1G\u03b1k and b\u03b1 is the corresponding constraint value for row \u03b1.
27. The analog circuit of claim 15, wherein one or more of the voltage sources supplied to corresponding cost functions, equality constraints, or inequality constraints may be changed without otherwise changing the optimization lattice.