What is claimed is:
1. A spacer for a long substrate in the interior of a long tube, wherein a superinsulation material is arranged between the substrate and the tube, said spacer comprising two first rings (3, 4) seated on the substrate (1) and spaced apart at a longitudinal axial distance from one another, a tube section (5) supported on the rings (3, 4) and a second ring (6) located on the tube section (5), wherein the first rings (3, 4), the tube section (5) and the second ring (6) are made of a material that has poor thermal conductivity but high mechanical strength.
2. A spacer as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a superinsulation material (7) between the substrate (1) and the first rings (3, 4).
3. A spacer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first rings (3, 4), the tube section (5) and the second ring (6) are made of fiber-reinforced plastic.
4. A spacer as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a superinsulation material (7) disposed in the area between the first two rings (3, 4).
5. A spacer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the tube section (5) has a wall thickness of between 0.5 and 2 mm.
6. A spacer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the length of the tube section (5) corresponds to 1 to 2 times the outside diameter of the tube (2).
7. A spacer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gap between the tube section (5) and the tube (2) is filled with superinsulation material (7) on both sides of the second ring (6).
8. A spacer as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first rings (3, 4), the tube section (5) and the second ring (6) are made as half shells.
9. A spacer as claimed in claim 8, wherein the half shells, respectively, of the first rings (3, 4) of the tube section (5) and the second ring (6) form a unit.
10. A coaxial tube system for transporting media at very low temperatures using a spacer as claimed in claim 1 comprising a corrugated interior metal tube (1) and a corrugated exterior metal tube (2), wherein the annular space between the interior tube and the exterior tube is evacuated.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A toner comprising a plurality of toner particles,
each of the toner particles including:
a toner core containing a binder resin;
a shell layer disposed over a surface of the toner core;
internal particles located within the shell layer; and
an external additive located on a surface of the shell layer,
wherein each of the toner particles has 4 to 169 projections resulting from the internal particles and having a height of no less than 40 nm and no greater than 200 nm when a 1-\u03bcm2 region of the surface of the toner particle is observed, and
the projections satisfy the following equation (1)
{(10002Y)\u22120.5}2\u2266X\u2266{(10002Y)+0.5}2\u2003\u2003(1)
wherein X represents the number of the projections, and Y represents the height of the projections.
2. A toner according to claim 1, wherein at least surfaces of the internal particles are hydrophilic.
3. A toner according to claim 1, wherein the internal particles have an average particle diameter of no less than 10 nm and no greater than 20 nm.
4. A toner according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the internal particles in the toner is no less than 0.5% by mass and no greater than 5% by mass relative to the total amount of the toner.
5. A toner according to claim 1, wherein the shell layer contains a thermosetting resin.
6. A method of manufacturing a toner, comprising in order:
attaching internal particles to surfaces of toner cores;
forming shell layers over the surfaces of the toner cores in such a manner that the internal particles are located within the shell layers; and
attaching an external additive to surfaces of the shell layers to give toner particles,
wherein in the attaching internal particles, the internal particles are attached so that
each of the toner particles has 4 to 169 projections resulting from the internal particles and having a height of no less than 40 nm and no greater than 200 nm when a 1-\u03bcm2 region of the surface of the toner particle is observed, and
the projections satisfy the following equation (1)
{(10002Y)\u22120.5}2\u2266X\u2266{(10002Y)+0.5}2\u2003\u2003(1)
wherein X represents the number of the projections, and Y represents the height of the projections.