We claim:
1. A process for the non-fermentative production of KDG or DKG from a carbon source comprising, enzymatically oxidizing the carbon source by at least one oxidative enzymatic activity to yield KDG or DKG.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein said KDG is further converted to erythorbate.
3. The process of claim 1 comprising oxidizing the carbon source by a first oxidative enzymatic activity to yield a first oxidative product and oxidizing said first oxidative product by a second oxidative enzymatic activity to yield KDG.
4. The process of claim 3 wherein said first oxidative enzymatic activity is a GDH activity and said second oxidative enzymatic activity is an GADH activity.
5. The process of claim 1 that proceeds in an environment comprising host cells.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein said host cell is non-viable.
7. The process of claim 5 wherein said host cell is viable.
8. The process of claim 5 wherein at least one oxidative enzymes are bound to said host cell membranes.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein at least one oxidative enzymatic activity is in solution.
10. The process of claim 8 wherein said host cell comprises a mutation in the nucleic acid encoding a KDGDH activity.
11. The process of claim 5 wherein said host cell is an member of the family Enterobacteriacea.
12. The process of claim 11 wherein said member is a Pantoea species.
13. The process of claim 1 wherein at least one oxidative enzymatic activity immobilized.
14. The process of claim 3, further comprising the steps of enzymatically oxidizing the KDG by at least one oxidative enzyme to an oxidation product; and enzymatically reducing said oxidation product by at least one reducing enzyme to 2-KLG.
15. A process for the non-fermentative production of 2-KLG from a carbon source, comprising the following steps in any order, enzymatically oxidizing the carbon source by at least one oxidative enzymatic activity to an oxidation product; and enzymatically reducing said oxidation product by at least one reducing enzymatic activity to 2-KLG.
16. The process of claim 15 wherein said carbon source is KDG.
17. The process of claim 15 wherein said oxidative enzymatic activity requires an oxidized form of an enzymatic co-factor and said reducing enzymatic activity requires a reduced form of said enzymatic co-factor and wherein said oxidized from of said co-factor and said reduced form of said co-factor are recycled between at least one oxidizing step and at least one reducing step.
18. The process of claim 15 comprising the following steps in any order:
a. enzymatically oxidizing the carbon source by a first oxidative enzymatic activity to a first oxidation product;
b. enzymatically oxidizing the first oxidation product by a second oxidative enzymatic activity to a second oxidation product;
c. enzymatically oxidizing the second oxidation product by a third oxidative enzymatic activity to a third oxidation product; and
d. enzymatically reducing the third oxidation product by a reducing enzymatic activity to 2-KLG.
19. The process of claim 18 wherein at least one of said first, second and third oxidative enzymatic activities requires an oxidized form of an enzymatic co-factor and said reducing enzymatic activity requires a reduced form of said enzymatic co-factor and wherein said oxidized form of said co-factor and said reduced form of said co-factor are recycled between at least one oxidizing step and the reducing step.
20. The process of claim 19 wherein said first oxidative enzymatic activity requires an oxidized form of said enzymatic co-factor.
21. The process of claim 18 wherein said carbon source is glucose and said first enzymatic activity is a glucose dehydrogenase activity.
22. The process of claim 21 wherein said glucose dehydrogenase activity is obtainable from a bacterial, yeast or fungal source.
23. The process of claim 22 wherein said glucose dehydrogenase activity is obtainable from a source including T. acidophilum, Crytococcus uniguttalatus and Bacillus species.
24. The process of claim 19 wherein each of said first, said second enzyme and said third enzyme is a dehydrogenase activity.
25. The process of claim 19 wherein at least one of said first, said second, said third and said fourth enzymatic activities are immobilized.
26. The process of claim 19 wherein at least one of said first, said second, said third and said fourth enzymatic activities are in solution.
27. The process of claim 25 wherein said second enzyme is a GADH activity.
28. The process of claim 25 wherein said third enzyme is KDGDH activity.
29. The process of claim 25 wherein said fourth enzyme is a reductase activity.
30. The process of claim 29 wherein said reductase activity is obtainable from a bacterial, yeast or fungal source.
31. The reductase activity of claim 29 wherein said source includes Corynebacterium and Erwinia.
32. The process of claim 31 wherein said reductase activity is 2,5 DKG reductase.
33. The process of claim 18 wherein said first oxidation product is gluconate, said second oxidation product is 2-KDG, and said third oxidation product is 2,5-DKG.
34. The process of claim 18 that proceeds in an environment comprising recombinant host cells.
35. The process of claim 34 wherein said host cell is viable.
36. The process of claim 34 wherein said host cell is non-viable.
37. The process of claim 34 wherein said recombinant host cells comprise members of Enterobacteriacea.
38. The process of claim 34 that proceeds in an environment comprising recombinant host cell membranes and wherein at least one of said first, said second and said third enzymes are bound to said host cell membranes.
39. The process of claim 37 wherein said recombinant host cell is a Pantoea species.
40. The process of claim 39 wherein said recombinant host cell is Pantoea citrea.
41. The process of claim 40 wherein said recombinant host cell has a mutation of at least one naturally occurring dehydrogenase activity.
42. The process of claim 41 wherein said mutation is in a membrane bound GDH activity.
43. The process of claim 41 wherein said host cell further comprises nucleic acid encoding a heterologous GDH activity.
44. The process of claim 43 wherein said heterologous GDH activity is obtainable from T. acidophilum, Cryptococcus uniguttalatus, or a Bacillus species.
45. The process of claim 18 wherein said oxidized form of said enzymatic cofactor is NADP and said reduced form of said enzymatic cofactor is NADPH.
46. The process of claim 18 wherein said oxidized form of said enzymatic cofactor is NAD and said reduced form is NADH.
47. The process of claims 1, 15 and 18 that is continuous.
48. The process of claims 1, 15 and 18 that is batch.
49. The process of claims 1, 15 and 18 that proceeds in an environment comprising organic solvents.
50. The process of claims 1, 15 and 18 that proceeds in an environment comprising long polymers.
51. The process of claim 18 further comprising the step of obtaining ASA from said 2-KLG.
52. A host cell comprising nucleic acid having a mutation in the gene encoding GHD activity.
53. A host cell comprising nucleic acid having a mutation in the gene encoding KDGDH activity.
54. The host cell of claims 52 or 53 that is a Pantoea species.
55. The host cell of claim 52 further comprising nucleic acid encoding a heterologous GDH activity.
56. The host cell of claim 55 further comprising nucleic acid encoding a heterologous reductase activity.
57. The method of claim 1 optionally comprising the step of recovering said KDG or DKG.
58. The method of claim 14 optionally comprising the step of recovering said KLG.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A method for an intermediate device to adapt communication between a first node and a second node of a network operable under a protocol having a network layer and a connections layer, the method comprising:
intercepting a message packet in the network layer of an intermediate device, the message packet comprising an original source address and an original destination address in a network routing header and an original source port identifier and an original destination port identifier in a transport header;
if the message packet comprises a request from the first node to the second node to open a connection:
making an entry in a connections database, the entry comprising the original source address, the original source port identifier, the original destination address and the original destination port identifier;
connecting the first node to a first port of a dispatcher application; and
connecting the second node to a second port of a dispatcher application;
if the message packet is an incoming message packet:
changing the original destination address to be the address of a dispatcher application;
examining the connections database to determine if there exists an entry in the connections database for which the source address and source port fields match the message packet’s original destination and original port identifier;
changing the message packet’s original destination port identifier to be the second port identifier of the dispatcher application, if such an entry exists;
changing the message packet’s original destination port identifier to be the first port identifier of the dispatcher application if no such entry exists; and
forwarding the message to the dispatcher application via a transport layer;
if the message packet is an outgoing message packet received from the dispatcher application via the transport layer:
if the source port identifier of the message packet is the first port identifier of the dispatcher application further comprising:
determining if there exists an entry in the connections database for which the original source address and original source port identifier match the message packet’s destination address and port identifier; and
if such an entry exists, replacing the message packet’s source address and source port identifier with the values written in the entry’s destination address and destination port identifier fields;
if the source port identifier of the message packet is the second port identifier of the dispatcher application further comprising:
determining if there exists an entry in the connections database for which the original source address and original source port identifier match the message packet’s destination address and port identifier; and
if such an entry exists, replacing the message packet’s source address and source port identifier with the values written in the entry’s source address and source port identifier fields; and
the dispatcher application modifying the transport layer.
2. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein the network layer comprises an Internet Protocol (IP) layer and the transport layer comprises a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) layer.
3. A method in accordance with claim 2, wherein the dispatcher application adapts the transport layer comprises the dispatcher application setting parameters of the transport layer dependent upon received acknowledgement (ACK) messages.
4. A method in accordance with claim 3, wherein the parameters of the transport layer comprise congestion control parameters.
5. A method in accordance with claim 1, further comprising:
the dispatcher application setting parameters of the transport layer dependent upon properties of a network link between the first node and the intermediate device.
6. A method in accordance with claim 5, wherein the properties of the network link between the first node and the intermediate device are received from an operator of the intermediate device via a user interface.
7. An intermediate device for adapting communication between a first node and a second node of a network, the intermediate device comprising:
a network layer, operable to send and receive message packets from the first node and the second node, each message packet comprising a source address and a destination address in a network routing header and a source port identifier and a destination port identifier in a transport header;
a transport layer, operable to send and receive message packets from the network layer;
a splitter operable to:
intercept a message packet in the network layer, and
modify the network routing header and transport header of the message packet to form a modified message packet;
a dispatcher, operable to:
receive modified message packets from the transport layer;
recover information from the message packets;
pass the modified message packets back to the transport layer; and
adapt the transport layer to optimize communication dependent upon the information recovered from the message packets; and
a connections database, operable to store the original source address, the original destination address, the original source port identifier and the original destination port identifier of an incoming message packet;
wherein the routing header and transport header of a message packet is modified, with reference to the connections database, such that message packets from the first and second nodes are routed to the dispatcher, and message packets from the dispatcher are routed to one of the first and second nodes.
8. An intermediate device in accordance with claim 7, wherein the network layer comprises an Internet Protocol (IP) layer and the transport layer comprises a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) layer.
9. An intermediate device in accordance with claim 8, wherein the dispatcher is operable to adapt the transport layer in accordance with a TCP Westwood+ protocol.
10. An intermediate device in accordance with claim 8, wherein the network layer comprises a Linux Netfilter.
11. An intermediate device in accordance with claim 7, wherein the dispatcher is operable to adapt the transport layer dependent upon received acknowledgement (ACK) messages.
12. An intermediate device in accordance with claim 7, wherein the dispatcher is operable to adapt the transport layer dependent upon properties of a link between the intermediate device and the first node.
13. An intermediate device in accordance with claim 12, further comprising a user interface operable to enable an operator of the intermediate device to enter the properties of the link between the intermediate device and the first node.
14. A network comprising:
an intermediate device for adapting communication between a first node and a second node of a network, the intermediate device comprising:
a network layer, operable to send and receive message packets from the first node and the second node, each message packet comprising a source address and a destination address in a network routing header and a source port identifier and a destination port identifier in a transport header;
a transport layer, operable to send and receive message packets from the network layer;
a splitter operable to:
intercept a message packet in the network layer, and
modify the network routing header and transport header of the message packet to form a modified message packet;
a dispatcher, operable to:
receive modified message packets from the transport layer;
recover information from the message packets;
pass the modified message packets back to the transport layer; and
adapt the transport layer to optimize communication dependent upon the information recovered from the message packets; and
a connections database, operable to store the original source address, the original destination address, the original source port identifier and the original destination port identifier of an incoming message packet;
wherein the routing header and transport header of a message packet is modified, with reference to the connections database, such that message packets from the first and second nodes are routed to the dispatcher, and message packets from the dispatcher are routed to one of the first and second nodes;
a first node, operable to connect with the intermediate device via a wireless link; and
a second node, operable to connect with the intermediate device;
wherein the first node is operable to connect with the second node through the intermediate and the intermediate device is operable to adapt communication between the first node and the second node.