1. A method for forecasting a start period for a combined cycle power generation system including a gas turbine engine, a steam turbine and a computer control system including a user input and an output device, the method comprising:
inputting a desired time at which the combined cycle power generation system is to reach a dispatchable load;
acquiring a current value of a predetermined operational condition of the combined cycle power generation system;
the computer control system executing an algorithm which generates a forecasted start time based on the desired time and the current value, wherein the combined cycle power generation system is predicted to be at the dispatchable load at the desired time when started at the forecasted start time, and
the computer system outputting the forecasted start time to the output device.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
the computer control system retrieving data from a database relating the predetermined operational condition to prior start periods of the power generation system or a similar power generation, and
the computer control system executing the algorithm which generates the forecasted start time based on the retrieved data.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the predetermined operational condition is a turbine temperature of the steam turbine.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the output of the forecasted start time is presented on a display in electronic communication with the control system.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the computer system determines a start condition value of the predetermined operation condition at the forecasted start time and applies the start condition to retrieve from the database data indicative of start periods corresponding to the start condition.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the combined cycle power generation system is predicted reach the dispatchable load no more than five minutes before the desired time.
7. A computer control system for generating a forecasted start period for a combined cycle power generation system having a gas turbine engine and a steam turbine, the computer control system comprising:
a user input to receive a desired time at which the combined cycle power generation system is to reach a dispatchable load, and a current value of a predetermined operational condition of the combined cycle power generation system;
an output device to output a forecasted start time, wherein the combined cycle power generation system is predicted to reach the dispatchable load at the desired time when started at the forecasted start time,
a processor;
electronic memory having stored thereon:
data indicating the desired time, the current value;
a database having historical information relating the predetermined operational condition to start periods of the combined cycle power generation system or a similar combined cycle power generation system, and
an algorithm to generate the forecasted start time based on the desired time, current value, and data retrieved from the database or generated by an mathematical model of at least a portion of the combined cycle power generation system.
8. The computer control system of claim 7 wherein the predetermined operation condition is a turbine temperature of the steam turbine.
9. The computer control system of claim 7 wherein the output of the forecasted start time is presented on a display.
10. The computer control system of claim 7 wherein the algorithm determines a start condition value of the predetermined operation condition at the forecasted start time and applies the start condition to retrieve from the database data indicative of start periods corresponding to the start condition.
11. A method for forecasting a start period for a combined cycle power generation system including a gas turbine engine, a steam turbine and a control system including having a user input and a display, the method comprising:
a. determining a current turbine temperature of the steam turbine at a current time;
b. determining a target time period to dispatchable load as a period from the current time to a target time at which the power generation system is to be at a predefined power output level;
c. selecting a forecasted start time period as a period from the current time to a start time for a startup sequences of the power generation system;
d. based on the forecasted start time period and the current turbine temperature, determining an estimated turbine starting temperature at the forecasted start time;
e. using the estimated turbine starting temperature, determining an estimated time period for the startup sequence;
f. summing the forecasted start time period and the estimate time period for the startup sequence to calculate a total time period;
g. comparing the total time period to a target time period from the first time to the target time;
h. using the forecasted start time period to determine when to start the startup sequence, if the comparison in step (g) determines the total time period to be within a predetermined period of the target time period, and
i. decrementing the forecasted start time, if the comparison in step (g) indicates that the total time period is outside of the predetermined period of the target time period, and thereafter repeating steps (d) to (h).
12. The method of claim 11 wherein in step i steps d to h are repeated until the comparison determines the total time period is within the predetermined period of the target time period.
13. The method of claim 11 wherein in step i the forecasted start time period is decremented by an amount of time equal to the predetermined period in step h.
14. The method of claim 11 wherein the step d includes using an electronic model of a steam turbine which receives as inputs the current turbine temperature and a period between the current time and the forecasted start time, and outputs the estimated turbine starting temperature.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the electronic model is a look-up table having data fields for turbine temperature correlated to times in a cool-down period of the turbine.
16. The method of claim 11 wherein the step e includes accessing a historical database of startup sequences for the plant or similar plants, and the database has data fields for turbine temperature correlated to times during a startup process.
17. The method of claim 11 wherein the turbine temperature is a metal temperature of a rotor in the at least one of the steam turbines.
18. The method of claim 11 wherein the predefined power output level is a dispatchable load power output level.
19. The method of claim 11 where the current time is a time at which a rotor metal temperature measurement was recently recorded.
20. A method for forecasting a start time for a combined cycle power generation system including a gas turbine engine (GT), at least one steam turbine (ST) and a controller having a user input and a display, the method comprising:
a. entering into the control system a temperature of at least one of the steam turbines, wherein the temperature corresponds to a recent time;
b. determining by the control system a target time period as a period from the recent time to a target time at which the power generation system is scheduled to be at a dispatchable load;
c. selecting by the control system a forecasted start time period as a period from the recent time to a start of a startup sequence for the power generation system;
d. based on the forecasted start time period and the first temperature, determining by the controller an estimated turbine temperature to occur at the forecasted start time;
e. based on the estimated turbine temperature, determining by the controller an estimated time period for the startup sequence;
f. summing by the controller the forecasted start time period and the estimated time period for the startup sequence and generating an estimated total time from the recent time to the end of the startup sequence;
g. comparing by the controller the estimate total time and the target time period;
h. the controller outputting the forecasted start time, if the controller in making the comparison determines the estimated total time period is within a predetermined period of the target time period, and
i. decrementing by the controller the forecasted start time, if the controller determines that the estimated total time period is outside of the predetermined period of the target time period, and repeating steps d to h.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein in step i steps d to h are repeated until the comparison determines the estimated total time period is within in predetermined period of the target time period.
22. The method of claim 20 wherein in step i the forecasted start time period is decremented by an amount equal to the predetermined period.
23. The method of claim 20 wherein the step d includes using an electronic model of a steam turbine which receives as inputs the first temperature and a period between the first time and the forecasted start time, and outputs the estimated rotor temperature corresponding to the forecasted start time.
24. The method of claim 20 wherein the step e includes accessing a historical database of startup sequences having data fields for steam turbine rotor temperature correlated to times during a startup sequence.
25. The method of claim 20 wherein the steam turbine is a reheat steam turbine.
26. A control system for a combined cycle power generation system comprising a gas turbine and a steam turbine, the control system including a processor and an electronic memory storing a database of prior startup processes and a computer program for scheduling a start time for a future startup process, the program causing the processor to perform process steps comprising:
a. entering as an input to the control system a current temperature of the steam turbine;
b. determining by the control system a time period to dispatchable load period as a period from a current time to a target time at which the power generation system is scheduled to be at a dispatchable load;
c. selecting a forecasted start time period as a period from a current time to a start of a startup process for the power generation system;
d. based on the forecasted start time period and the current temperature of the at least one of the steam turbines, determining an estimated rotor temperature at the forecasted start time;
e. based on the estimated rotor temperature, determining an estimated time period for a startup process which is a period initiated at the forecasted start time and ending when the power generation system reaches a predefined dispatchable load;
f. summing the forecasted start time period and the estimated time period for the startup process to generate a total time to dispatchable load;
g. comparing the total time to the dispatchable load to a time period from the current time to the target time;
h. based on the forecasted start time period, determining when to start the startup process, if the controller in making the comparison determines the total time to dispatchable load to be within a predetermined period of the current time to the target time, and
i. decrementing the forecasted start time by a predetermined period, if the controller determines in the comparison that the total time to dispatchable load is outside of the predetermined period of the current time to the target time, and repeating steps d to h.
27. The control system of claim 26 wherein the database includes data for temperatures of a rotor of the steam turbine at a start of each of a plurality of startup processes, and step e includes accessing the database using the estimated rotor temperature to identify one or more prior startup processes having a rotor temperature at the start of the startup process the same as or similar to the estimated rotor temperature, and using the identified one or more prior startup processes to determine the estimated time period for a startup process.
28. The control system of claim 26 wherein the gas turbine is a plurality of gas turbines and the steam turbine is a plurality of steam turbines, and wherein current temperature of the steam temperature is the current temperature of one of the plurality of steam temperatures.
29. The control system of claim 26 wherein the steps d to h are repeated until the comparison determines the total time to dispatchable load is within in predetermined period of the current time to the target time.
30. The control system of claim 26 wherein the step d includes using an electronic model of a steam turbine which receives as inputs the current temperature and a period between the current time and the forecasted start time and outputs the estimated rotor temperature at the forecasted start time.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. An antiadhesive material comprising a gelatin film, the antiadhesive material further comprising:
a reinforcing material that is made of a biodegradable polymer other than collagen and is arranged in the gelatin film,
wherein the reinforcing material is a fabric body having a density in a range of 5 gm2 to 45 gm2 and a yarn threading tension in a range of 0.210 N to 200 N, and
wherein the biodegradable polymer is at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of polylactic acid, lactic acid-caprolactone copolymer, polyglycolic acid, lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer, lactic acid-ethylene glycol copolymer, polydioxanon, glycolic acid-caprolactone copolymer, glycolic acid-trimethylene carbonate copolymer, glycolic acid-dioxanon-trimethylene carbonate copolymer, chitin, chitosan, and fibrin,
wherein the reinforcing material and the gelatin film are integrated due to gelation of gelatin that has intruded entirely in an internal part of the reinforcing material, and
wherein the fabric body is a knitted fabric that is a twin loop knit fabric having the twin loop knit as shown in FIG. 7.
2. The antiadhesive material according to claim 1, wherein the antiadhesive material is in a sheet form or in a cylindrical form.
3. The antiadhesive material according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing material is arranged in a portion of the gelatin film to be subjected to suturing.
4. The antiadhesive material according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing material is arranged along a periphery of the gelatin film.
5. The antiadhesive material according to claim 1, wherein the fabric body is integrated with a nonwoven fabric to form a complex.
6. The antiadhesive material according to claim 5, wherein the nonwoven fabric is manufactured by at least one method selected from the group consisting of melt blowing, needle punching, spunbonding, and flash spinning.
7. The antiadhesive material according to claim 6, wherein the nonwoven fabric is processed by hot pressing.
8. The antiadhesive material according to claim 1, wherein the fabric body has a thickness in a range of 10 \u03bcm to 1000 \u03bcm.
9. The antiadhesive material according to claim 1, wherein the fabric body has a yarn threading tension in a range of 0.3 N to 200 N.
10. The antiadhesive material according to claim 1, wherein the biodegradable polymer is at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of polylactic acid, lactic acid-caprolactone copolymer, and polyglycolic acid.
11. The antiadhesive material according to claim 10, wherein a molar ratio (A:B) of lactide (A) and caprolactone (B) in the lactic acid-caprolactone copolymer is in a range of 85:15 to 40:60.
12. The antiadhesive material according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing material is subjected to a hydrophilicity imparting treatment.
13. The antiadhesive material according to claim 12, wherein the hydrophilicity imparting treatment is at least one treatment selected from the group consisting of plasma treatment, glow discharge treatment, corona discharge treatment, ozone treatment, graft treatment, coating, chemical treatment, and ultraviolet irradiation.
14. The antiadhesive material according to claim 1, wherein the gelatin film is a cross-linked film.
15. The antiadhesive material according to claim 14, wherein the gelatin film is cross-linked by at least one method selected from the group consisting of ultraviolet treatment, heat treatment, and chemical cross-linking agent treatment.
16. The antiadhesive material according to claim 14, wherein the gelatin film is cross-linked under conditions of an ultraviolet lamp of 4 W to 40 W, an irradiation time of 0.1 hour to 100 hours, and an irradiation distance of 5 cm to 100 cm.
17. The antiadhesive material according to claim 1, wherein a time of presence of the gelatin film in a living body is in a range of 12 hours to 90 days.
18. The antiadhesive material according to claim 1, wherein the gelatin film has a thickness in a range of 20 \u03bcm to 2000 \u03bcm.
19. The antiadhesive material according to claim 1, wherein a concentration of endotoxin contained in the gelatin is not more than 200 EUg.
20. The antiadhesive material according to claim 1, wherein the knitted fabric is a piece of knitted fabric, and the piece of knitted fabric forms a complex with two pieces of non-woven fabric, in which the piece of knitted fabric is interposed between the two pieces of nonwoven fabric.