1. A compound of formula (I):
where said formula (I) has a B-containing bicyclic ring system
and a fused pyrazole moiety
wherein
each of B1, B5, and B8 is independently CRa or N, wherein only one of B1, B5, or B8 is N;
each of Ra, R2, R3, R6 and R7 is independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014H, \u2014C1-4alkyl, \u2014C2-4alkenyl, \u2014C2-4alkynyl, \u2014C3-6cycloalkyl, \u2014ORb, \u2014NRcRd, \u2014O(CH2)2-3NRcRd, \u2014SRb, \u2014S(O)Rb, \u2014SO2Rb, cyano, \u2014CF3, halo, \u2014NO2, \u2014OCF3, \u2014C(O)Rb, \u2014OC(O)Rb, \u2014C(O)NRcRd, and \u2014CO2Rb; wherein each of Rb, Rc and Rd is independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014H, \u2014C1-4alkyl, \u2014C3-6cycloalkyl, and \u2014C1-2alkyl(C3-6cycloalkyl)-; and wherein each alkyl or cycloalkyl moiety in any of Ra, R2, R3, R6, R7, Rb, Rc, and Rd is optionally and independently substituted with one, two or three substituents selected from \u2014C1-3alkyl, halo, hydroxy, amino, and \u2014C1-3alkoxy;
the B-containing bicyclic ring system is attached at the 1- or 2-position of the fused pyrazole moiety;
m is 0 or 1;
n is 1 or 2, wherein m+n is 2 or 3;
X is CH or N;
provided that when X is N, then Y is \u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014CH2C(O)\u2014, or \u2014(CH2)2-3O\u2014 optionally substituted with \u2014C1-3alkyl;
and when X is CH, then Y is \u2014N(Re)Z\u2014;
Z is selected from the group consisting of: C1-3alkylene optionally substituted with \u2014C1-3alkyl; C3alkenylene optionally substituted with \u2014C1-3alkyl; \u2014C(O)C2alkenyl-optionally substituted with \u2014C1-3alkyl; \u2014(CH2)0-1C(O)\u2014; \u2014CH2C(O)N(Rf)(CH2)0-1\u2014; \u2014(CH2)2-3O\u2014; and \u2014C(O)C(Rg1)(Rg2)\u2014;
where Re is \u2014H, \u2014C1-4alkyl, benzyl, \u2014C(O)C1-6alkyl, \u2014C(O)phenyl, \u2014C(O)benzyl, \u2014C1-6alkylCO2C1-6alkyl, or \u2014C1-6alkylCO2H;
Rf is \u2014H or \u2014C1-4alkyl; and
each of Rg1 and Rg2 is independently \u2014H or methyl, or Rg1 and Rg2 are taken together with their carbon of attachment to form a C3-7cycloalkyl, or the group C(Rg1)(Rg2) is the group C\u2550O;
A is an aryl or heteroaryl ring selected from the group consisting of:
a) unsubstituted phenyl, unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted phenyl, and substituted pyridyl, wherein said substituted phenyl is moiety (M1) or moiety (M2)
and said substituted pyridyl is moiety (M3) or moiety (M4)
wherein Rr(p-q) stands for a number of Rr substituents that is at least p and does not exceed q, and
is a disubstituent at two adjacent carbon members, said disubstituent being selected from the group consisting of \u2014O\u2014C14AL\u2014O\u2014, \u2014N(Rh)(CH2)2-3S\u2014, \u2014N(Rh)C(O)(CH2)1-2S\u2014, \u2014N(Rh)C(O)C(CH3)2S\u2014, \u2014N(Rh)(CH2)2-3O\u2014, \u2014N(Rh)C(O)(CH2)1-2O\u2014, \u2014N(Rh)(CH2)2-3NH\u2014, and \u2014N(Rh)C(O)(CH2)1-2NH\u2014, wherein said C14AL is a C1-4alkylene optionally mono- or di-substituted with F,
where each \u2014Rr is independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014OH, \u2014C1-6alkyl, \u2014OC1-6alkyl, \u2014C2-6alkenyl, \u2014OC3-6alkenyl, \u2014C2-6alkynyl, \u2014OC3-6alkynyl, \u2014CN, \u2014NO2, \u2014N(Ry)Rz, \u2014C(O)N(Ry)Rz, \u2014N(Rt)C(O)Rt, \u2014N(Rt)SO2C1-6alkyl, \u2014C(O)C1-6alkyl, \u2014SC1-6alkyl, \u2014SO2C1-6alkyl, \u2014SO2N(Ry)Rz, halo, \u2014CF3, \u2014OCF3, \u2014CO2H and \u2014CO2C1-6alkyl;
wherein Rt is \u2014H or \u2014C1-6alkyl;
Ry and Rz are independently selected from \u2014H and \u2014C1-6alkyl, or Ry and Rz are taken together with their nitrogen of attachment to form pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl; and
Rh is selected from the group consisting of \u2014H, \u2014C1-6alkyl, \u2014C1-6alkylCO2H, \u2014C1-6alkylCO2C1-6alkyl, and benzyl;
b) a five-membered monocyclic heteroaromatic group having a carbon member which is the point of attachment, having one hetero-member that is >O, >S, >NH or >N(C1-4alkyl), having up to one additional hetero-member that is \u2014N\u2550, said five-membered monocyclic heteroaromatic group being optionally mono- or di-substituted with Rr and optionally benzofused or pyridofused, where the benzofused or pyridofused moiety is optionally mono-, di-, or tri-substituted with Rr; and
c) a six-membered monocyclic heteroaromatic group having a carbon member which is the point of attachment, having two hetero-members each being \u2014N\u2550, said six-membered monocyclic heteroaromatic group being optionally mono- or di-substituted with Rr and optionally benzofused or pyridofused, where the benzofused or pyridofused moiety is optionally mono- or di-substituted with Rr;
a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or amide thereof.
2. A compound of formula (I):
where said formula (I) has a B-containing bicyclic ring system
and a fused pyrazole moiety
wherein
each of B1, B5, and B8 is independently CRa or N, wherein only one of B1, B5, or B8 is N;
each of Ra, R2, R3, R6 and R7 is independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014H, \u2014C1-4alkyl, \u2014C2-4alkenyl, \u2014C2-4alkynyl, \u2014C3-6cycloalkyl, \u2014ORb, \u2014NRcRd, \u2014O(CH2)2-3NRcRd, \u2014SRb, \u2014S(O)Rb, \u2014SO2Rb, cyano, \u2014CF3, halo, \u2014NO2, \u2014OCF3, \u2014C(O)Rb, \u2014OC(O)Rb, \u2014C(O)NRcRd, and \u2014CO2Rb; wherein each of Rb, Rc and Rd is independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014H, \u2014C1-4alkyl, \u2014C3-6cycloalkyl, and \u2014C1-2alkyl(C3-6cycloalkyl)-; and wherein each alkyl or cycloalkyl moiety in any of Ra, R2, R3, R6, R7, Rb, Rc, and Rd is optionally and independently substituted with one, two or three substituents selected from \u2014C1-3alkyl, halo, hydroxy, amino, and \u2014C1-3alkoxy;
the B-containing bicyclic ring system is attached at the 1- or 2-position of the fused pyrazole moiety;
m is 0 or 1;
n is 1 or 2, wherein m+n is 2 or 3;
X is CH or N;
provided that when X is N, then Y is \u2014C(O)\u2014, \u2014CH2C(O)\u2014, or \u2014(CH2)2-3O\u2014 optionally substituted with \u2014C1-3alkyl;
and when X is CH, then Y is \u2014N(Re)Z\u2014;
Z is selected from the group consisting of: C1-3alkylene optionally substituted with \u2014C1-3alkyl; C3alkenylene optionally substituted with \u2014C1-3alkyl; \u2014C(O)C2alkenyl-optionally substituted with \u2014C1-3alkyl; \u2014(CH2)0-1C(O)\u2014; \u2014CH2C(O)N(Rf)(CH2)0-1\u2014; \u2014(CH2)2-3O\u2014; and \u2014C(O)C(Rg1)(Rg2)\u2014;
where Re is \u2014H, \u2014C1-4alkyl, benzyl, \u2014C(O)C1-6alkyl, \u2014C(O)phenyl, \u2014C(O)benzyl, \u2014C1-6alkylCO2C1-6alkyl, or \u2014C1-6alkylCO2H;
Rf is \u2014H or \u2014C1-4alkyl; and
each of Rg1 and Rg2 is independently \u2014H or methyl, or Rg1 and Rg2 are taken together with their carbon of attachment to form a C3-7cycloalkyl, or the group C(Rg1)(Rg2) is the group C\u2550O;
A is an aryl or heteroaryl ring selected from the group consisting of:
a) unsubstituted phenyl, unsubstituted pyridyl, substituted phenyl, and substituted pyridyl, wherein said substituted phenyl is moiety (M1) or moiety (M2)
and said substituted pyridyl is moiety (M3) or moiety (M4)
wherein Rr(p-q) stands for a number of Rr substituents that is at least p and does not exceed q, and
is a disubstituent at two adjacent carbon members, said disubstituent being selected from the group consisting of \u2014O\u2014C14AL\u2014O\u2014, \u2014N(Rh)(CH2)2-3S\u2014, \u2014N(Rh)C(O)(CH2)1-2S\u2014, \u2014N(Rh)(CH2)2-3O\u2014, \u2014N(Rh)C(O)(CH2)1-2O\u2014, \u2014N(Rh)(CH2)2-3NH\u2014, and \u2014N(Rh)C(O)(CH2)1-2NH\u2014, wherein said C14AL is a C1-4alkylene optionally mono- or di-substituted with F,
where each \u2014Rr is independently selected from the group consisting of \u2014OH, \u2014C1-6alkyl, \u2014OC1-6alkyl, \u2014C2-6alkenyl, \u2014OC3-6alkenyl, \u2014C2-6alkynyl, \u2014OC3-6alkynyl, \u2014CN, \u2014NO2, \u2014N(Ry)Rz, \u2014C(O)N(Ry)Rz, \u2014N(Rt)C(O)Rt, \u2014N(Rt)SO2C1-6alkyl, \u2014C(O)C1-6alkyl, \u2014SC1-6alkyl, \u2014SO2C1-6alkyl, \u2014SO2N(Ry)Rz, halo, \u2014CF3, \u2014OCF3, \u2014CO2H and \u2014CO2C1-6alkyl;
wherein Rt is \u2014H or \u2014C1-6alkyl;
Ry and Rz are independently selected from \u2014H and \u2014C1-6alkyl, or Ry and Rz are taken together with their nitrogen of attachment to form pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl; and
Rh is selected from the group consisting of \u2014H, \u2014C1-6alkyl, \u2014C1-6alkylCO2H, \u2014C1-6alkylCO2C1-6alkyl, and benzyl;
b) a five-membered monocyclic heteroaromatic group having a carbon member which is the point of attachment, having one hetero-member that is >O, >S, >NH or >N(C1-4alkyl), having up to one additional hetero-member that is \u2014N\u2550, said five-membered monocyclic heteroaromatic group being optionally mono- or di-substituted with Rr and optionally benzofused or pyridofused, where the benzofused or pyridofused moiety is optionally mono-, di-, or tri-substituted with Rr; and
c) a six-membered monocyclic heteroaromatic group having a carbon member which is the point of attachment, having two hetero-members each being \u2014N\u2550, said six-membered monocyclic heteroaromatic group being optionally mono- or di-substituted with Rr and optionally benzofused or pyridofused, where the benzofused or pyridofused moiety is optionally mono- or di-substituted with Rr;
a stereoisomer, racemate, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or amide thereof.
3. The compound of claim 2, wherein B1 is N, B5 is CH, and B8 is CH.
4. The compound of claim 2, wherein B1 is CH, B5 is N, and B8 is CH.
7. The compound of claim 2, wherein Ra, R2, R3, R6, and R7 are each independently selected from \u2014H, \u2014C1-3alkyl, \u2014OC1-3alkyl, halo, or \u2014CF3.
6. The compound of claim 2, wherein Ra is \u2014H or \u2014CF3.
7. The compound of claim 2, wherein R2 is \u2014H, \u2014CH3, or \u2014CF3.
8. The compound of claim 2, wherein R6 is \u2014H, \u2014OC1-3alkyl, or halo.
9. The compound of claim 2, wherein R6 is \u2014OC1-3alkyl.
10. The compound of claim 2, wherein R6 is \u2014H, \u2014OCH3, or \u2014F.
11. The compound of claim 2, wherein R6 is \u2014OCH3.
12. The compound of claim 2, wherein R7 is \u2014H or \u2014Cl.
13. The compound of claim 2, wherein the B-containing bicyclic ring system is attached at the 2-position of the fused pyrazole moiety.
14. The compound of claim 2, wherein m=n=1.
15. The compound of claim 2, wherein n is 2 and m is 1.
16. The compound of claim 2, wherein X is N.
17. The compound of claim 2, wherein X is CH.
18. The compound of claim 17, wherein Y is \u2014N(benzyl)CH2\u2014, \u2014N(CH2CO2tBu)CH2\u2014, \u2014N(CH2CO2H)CH2\u2014, \u2014NHCH2\u2014, \u2014NH(CH2)3\u2014, \u2014NHCH2CHCH\u2014, \u2014NHCH2C(Me)CH\u2014, \u2014NHC(O)\u2014, \u2014NHC(O)CHCH\u2014, \u2014NHCH2C(O)NH\u2014, \u2014NHCH2C(O)NHCH2\u2014, \u2014NHCH2C(O)\u2014, \u2014NHC(O)C(O)\u2014, \u2014NH(CH2)2O\u2014, or \u2014NHC(O)C(Rg1)(Rg2)\u2014.
19. The compound of claim 2, wherein X is CH, and Z is one of C1-3alkylene, C3alkenylene, \u2014C(O)C2alkenyl-, \u2014(CH2)0-1C(O)\u2014, \u2014CH2C(O)N(Rf)(CH2)0-1\u2014, \u2014(CH2)2-3O\u2014, and \u2014C(O)C(Rg1)(Rg2)\u2014.
20. The compound of claim 2, wherein X is CH, Re is \u2014H, and Z is C\u2550O.
21. The compound of claim 2, wherein R6 is \u2014OC1-3alkyl, X is CH, B8 is CH, B1 is N, and B5 is CH, m=n=1, the B-containing bicyclic ring system is attached at the 2-position of the fused pyrazole moiety, and A is an aryl or heteroaryl ring selected from the group consisting of a), b) and c) as defined for compound of formula (I).
22. The compound of claim 2, wherein A is phenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 3,5-difluorophenyl, 2-nitrophenyl, 5-fluoro-2-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-diethylaminophenyl, 4-piperidin-1-ylphenyl, 4-pyrrolidin-1-ylphenyl, 2-fluoro-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl, 2-chloro-5-nitrophenyl, 2-fluoro-3-cyano-4-dimethylaminophenyl, pyridin-3-yl, 2-chloro-pyridin-3-yl, or pyridin-2-yl.
23. The compound of claim 2, wherein A is 4-methyl-3-nitrophenyl, 2-fluoro-4-nitrophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 5-acetylamino-2-bromophenyl, or 2,4-dichloro-5-fluorophenyl.
24. The compound of claim 2, wherein A is 2,3-dihydro-benzo1,4dioxin-6-yl, 7-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-benzo1,4dioxin-6-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzob1,4dioxepin-6-yl, 3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4thiazin-6-yl, 7-fluoro-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4thiazin-6-yl, 7-chloro-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4thiazin-6-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4thiazin-6-yl, benzo1,3dioxol-5-yl, 2,2-difluoro-benzo1,3dioxol-5-yl, 3-oxo-4H-pyrido3,2-b1,4oxazin-6-yl, 3-oxo-4H-benzo1,4oxazin-6-yl, 4-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4thiazin-6-yl, or 4-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4oxazin-7-yl.
25. The compound of claim 2, wherein A is 8-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-benzo1,4dioxin-6-yl, 7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-benzo1,4dioxin-6-yl, 6-chloro-benzo1,3dioxol-5-yl, 7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4thiazin-6-yl, 5,7-difluoro-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4thiazin-6-yl, 3-oxo-7-trifluoromethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4thiazin-6-yl, 7-bromo-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4thiazin-6-yl, 3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4oxazin-6-yl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4thiazin-6-yl, 7-methoxy-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4thiazin-6-yl, 7-methyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4thiazin-6-yl, 7-ethoxycarbonyl-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4thiazin-6-yl, or 7-carboxy-3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo1,4thiazin-6-yl.
26. The compound of claim 2, wherein A is 4,6-difluoro-1H-indol-2-yl, 1H-benzimidazol-2-yl, 1H-indol-2-yl, benzobthiophen-2-yl, 4-fluoro-benzobthiophen-2-yl, benzofuran-2-yl, thiophen-2-yl, quinoxalin-2-yl, 5-bromo-thiophen-2-yl, 5-acetyl-thiophen-2-yl, 5,6-difluoro-1H-indol-2-yl, 5-methyl-1H-indol-2-yl, 5-bromo-1H-indol-2-yl, or 5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl.
27. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of claim 1.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A multi-spectrum spectrometer, comprising:
a first light entry device operative to admit light corresponding to a first input channel;
a second light entry device operative to admit light corresponding to a second input channel;
a light dispersion element;
a first light focusing element operative to reflect and to focus the light admitted by the first light entry device and the light admitted by the second light entry device onto the light dispersion element, the light dispersion element being operative to disperse the light reflected and focused thereon by the first light focusing element;
an imaging plane; and
a second light focusing element operative to reflect and to focus the light dispersed by the light dispersion element onto the imaging plane, thereby producing a first spectrum and a second spectrum on the imaging plane, the first spectrum corresponding to the light admitted by the first light entry device, and the second spectrum corresponding to the light admitted by the second light entry device,
wherein the first light entry device and the second light entry device are horizontally displaced with respect to each other to cause the light admitted by first light entry device to be reflected onto the light dispersion element at a first angle of incidence, and to cause the light admitted by the second light entry device to be reflected onto the light dispersion element at a second angle of incidence, the second angle of incidence being different from the first angle of incidence, and
wherein the first light entry device and the second light entry device are vertically displaced with respect to each other so that at least a portion of the first spectrum produced on the imaging plane is vertically displaced with respect to at least a portion of the second spectrum produced on the imaging plane.
2. The spectrometer of claim 1, wherein the first and second light entry devices define respective first and second slits.
3. The spectrometer of claim 1, wherein:
the first light entry device comprises a first column of optical fibers; and
the second light entry device comprises a second column of optical fibers.
4. The spectrometer of claim 1, wherein the light dispersion element comprises a diffraction grating, and wherein the diffraction grating defines a plurality of straight, equally spaced grooves.
5. The spectrometer of claim 1, wherein the light dispersion element comprises a diffraction grating, and wherein the diffraction grating comprises a holographic grating.
6. The spectrometer of claim 1, wherein the first and second light focusing elements comprise respective concave mirrors.
7. The spectrometer of claim 1, wherein the first and second light focusing elements comprise a single concave mirror.
8. The spectrometer of claim 1, wherein the imaging plane comprises an electronic imaging device.
9. The spectrometer of claim 8, wherein the electronic imaging device comprises a charge-coupled device (CCD).
10. The spectrometer of claim 1, wherein the imaging plane comprises a camera.
11. The spectrometer of claim 1, wherein the imaging plane comprises a channel selector.
12. The spectrometer of claim 1, further comprising a light trap positioned to trap dispersed light of at least one selected order of dispersion from the light dispersing element.
13. The spectrometer of claim 1, further comprising:
a first folding optical element disposed between the first light entry device and the first light focusing element and in a path of the light entering the first light entry device; and
a second folding optical element disposed between the second light entry device and the first light focusing element and in a path of the light entering the second light entry device.
14. The spectrometer of claim 13, wherein the first and second light folding elements comprise a single prism.
15. The spectrometer of claim 13, wherein the first and second light folding elements comprise respective first and second prisms.
16. The spectrometer of claim 13, wherein the first and second light folding elements comprise respective first and second mirrors.
17. A retroflective spectrometer, comprising:
a light entry device operative to admit light corresponding to a light input channel;
a light dispersion element, the light dispersion element comprising a convex diffraction grating;
a light focusing element operative to reflect and to focus, onto the light dispersion element, the light admitted by the light entry device along a first path at a selected angle of incidence,
wherein the light dispersion element is operative, for a selected range of wavelengths of incident light reflected thereon at the selected angle of incident and for a selected order of dispersion, to disperse the incident light so that light of the selected order of dispersion is dispersed back along the first path within about 20 degrees; and
an imaging plane disposed on the same side of the light dispersion element as the light entry device,
wherein the light focusing element is further operative to reflect, onto the imaging plane, the light of the selected order of dispersion dispersed back along the first path by the light dispersion element.
18. The spectrometer of claim 17, wherein the selected order of dispersion is a first order of dispersion.
19. The spectrometer of claim 17, wherein the selected order of dispersion is a second order of dispersion.
20. The spectrometer of claim 17, wherein the selected order of dispersion is a negative first order of dispersion.
21. The spectrometer of claim 17, wherein the selected order of dispersion is a negative second order of dispersion.
22. The spectrometer of claim 17, wherein the light of the selected order of dispersion is dispersed back along the first path within about 10 degrees.
23. The spectrometer of claim 17, wherein the light of the selected order of dispersion is dispersed back along the first path within about 5 degrees.
24. The spectrometer of claim 17, wherein the first light entry device defines a first slit.
25. The spectrometer of claim 17, wherein the diffraction grating defines a plurality of straight, equally spaced grooves.
26. The spectrometer of claim 17, wherein the diffraction grating comprises a holographic grating.
27. The spectrometer of claim 17, wherein the light focusing element comprises a concave mirror.
28. The spectrometer of claim 17, wherein the imaging plane comprises an electronic imaging device.
29. The spectrometer of claim 17, further comprising a light trap positioned to trap dispersed light of at least one order of dispersion, other than the selected order of dispersion, from the light dispersing element.
30. A multi-spectrum, retroflective, folded input spectrometer, comprising:
at least one light entry device, the light entry device being operative to admit light propagating along a first light input channel path;
a light focusing element;
at least one folding optical element, the folding optical element being operative to reflect the light admitted by the. light. entry device onto the light focusing element;
a light dispersion element, the light dispersion element comprising a convex diffraction grating,
wherein the light focusing element is operative to reflect and to focus, onto the light dispersion element, the light reflected thereon by the folding optical element along a second path at a selected angle of incidence,
wherein the light dispersion element is operative, for a selected range of wavelengths of incident light reflected thereon at the selected an of incidence and for a selected order of dispersion, to disperse the incident light so that light of the selected order of dispersion is dispersed back along the second path within about 20 degrees; and
an imaging plane disposed. on the same side of the light dispersion element as the light entry device
wherein the light focusing element is further operative to reflect, onto the imaging plane, the light of the selected order of dispersion dispersed back along the second path by the light dispersion element, and
wherein the first light input channel path is oriented in a direction non-perpendicular to the imaging plane.
31. A multi-spectrum spectrometer, comprising:
a light dispersion element;
a first light focusing element;
a first light entry device positioned such that light entering the first light entry device is directed by the first light focusing element onto the light dispersion element at a first angle of incidence;
a second light entry device positioned such that light entering the second light entry device is directed by the first light focusing element onto the light dispersion element at a second angle of incidence, different than the first angle of incidence;
an imaging plane;
a second light focusing element positioned to direct light dispersed by the light dispersion element onto the imaging plane,
wherein the first and second light entry devices, the first and second light focusing elements and the light dispersion element are positioned such that at least a portion of a first spectrum produced on the imaging plane by dispersed light from the first light entry device is spaced apart from at least a portion of a second spectrum produced on the imaging plane by dispersed light from the second light entry device;
a first folding optical element disposed between the first light entry device and the first light focusing element and in a path of the light entering the first light entry device; and
a second folding optical element disposed between the second light entry device and the first light focusing element and in a path of the light entering the second light entry device,
wherein the first light folding element comprises at least one first beam splitter, and
wherein the second light folding element comprises at least one second beam splitter.
32. A multi-spectrum spectrometer, comprising:
a light dispersion element;
a first light focusing element;
a first light entry device positioned such that light entering the first light entry device is directed by the first light focusing element onto the light dispersion element at a first angle of incidence;
a second light entry device positioned such that light entering the second light entry device is directed by the first light focusing element onto the light dispersion element at a second angle of incidence, different than the first angle of incidence;
an imaging plane;
a second light focusing element positioned to direct light dispersed by the light dispersion element onto the imaging plane,
wherein the first and second light entry devices, the first and second light focusing elements and the light dispersion element are positioned such that at least a portion of a first spectrum produced on the imaging plane by dispersed light from the first light entry device is spaced apart from at least a portion of a second spectrum produced on the imaging plane by dispersed light from the second light entry device;
a first folding optical element disposed between the first light entry device and the. first light focusing element and in a path of the light entering the first light entry device; and
a second folding optical element disposed between the second light entry device and the first light focusing element and in a path of the light entering the second light entry device,
wherein the first and second light folding elements comprise a single square-based pyramid.
33. A retroflective spectrometer, comprising:
a light dispersion element operable, for a selected range of wavelengths of incident light that is incident upon the light dispersion element at a selected angle of incidence, and for a selected order of dispersion, to disperse the incident light, such that light of the selected order of dispersion is dispersed back along a path of the incident light, within about 20 degrees of the path of the incident light;
a light focusing element;
a first light entry device positioned such that light entering the first light entry device is directed by the light focusing element onto the light dispersion element at the selected angle of incidence;
an imaging plane disposed on the same side of the light dispersion element as the first light entry device;
wherein the first light entry devices, the light focusing element and the light dispersion element are positioned such that the light of the selected order of dispersion is directed by the light focusing element onto the imaging plane; and
a second light entry device positioned such that light entering the second light entry device is directed by the light focusing element onto the light dispersion element at an angle of incidence different than the selected angle of incidence,
wherein the first and second light entry devices, the light focusing element and the light dispersion element are positioned such that at least a portion of a first spectrum produced on the imaging plane by dispersed light from the first light entry device is spaced apart from at least a portion of a second spectrum produced on the imaging plane by dispersed light from the second light entry device,
wherein the retroflective spectrometer further includes:
a first folding optical element disposed between the first light entry device and the light focusing element and in a path of the light entering the first light entry device; and
a second folding optical element disposed between the second light entry device and the light focusing element and in a path of the light entering the second light entry device,
wherein the first light folding element comprises at least one first beam splitter, and the second light folding element comprises at least one second beam splitter.
34. A retroflective spectrometer, comprising:
a light dispersion element operable, for a selected range of wavelengths of incident light that is incident upon the light dispersion element at .a selected angle of incidence, and for a selected order of dispersion, to disperse the incident light, such that light of the selected order of dispersion is dispersed back along a path of the incident light, within about 20 degrees of the path of the incident light;
a light focusing element;
a first light entry device positioned such that light entering the first light entry device is directed by the light focusing element onto the light dispersion element at the selected angle of incidence;
an imaging plane disposed on the same side of the light dispersion element as the first light entry device;
wherein the first light entry devices, the light focusing element and the light dispersion element are positioned such that the light of the selected order of dispersion is directed by the light focusing element onto the imaging plane; and
a second light entry device positioned such that light entering the second light entry device is directed by the light focusing element onto the light dispersion element at an angle of incidence different than the selected angle of incidence,
wherein the first and second light entry devices, the light focusing element and the light dispersion element are positioned such that at least a portion of a first spectrum produced on the imaging plane by dispersed light from the first light entry device is spaced apart from at least a portion of a second spectrum produced on the imaging plane by dispersed light from the second light entry device,
wherein the retroflective spectrometer further includes:
a first folding optical element disposed between the first light entry device and the light focusing element and in a path of the light entering the first light entry device; and
a second folding optical element disposed between the second light entry device and the light focusing element and in a path of the light entering the second light entry device,
wherein the first and second light folding elements comprise a single square-based pyramid.