1. A fuel cell cathode catalyst composition consisting essentially of:
a metal composition consisting essentially of platinum, tungsten and a third metal,
wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 20 percent and less than about 39 percent, tungsten is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 75 percent, and a third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 40 percent; and
wherein the third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, yttrium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium.
2. The fuel cell cathode catalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein the metal composition further consists essentially of a fourth metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 40 percent, and
wherein the fourth metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium, and
wherein the third metal and the fourth metal are not the same metal.
3. The fuel cell cathode catalyst composition according to claim 2, wherein the metal composition further consists essentially of a fifth metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 40 percent, and
wherein the fifth metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium, and
wherein the third metal, the fourth metal and the fifth metal are not the same metal.
4. The fuel cell cathode catalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein the platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 20 percent and about 35 percent.
5. The fuel cell cathode catalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein the tungsten is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 65 percent.
6. The fuel cell cathode catalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein the third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of chromium, cobalt, copper, molybdenum and tin.
7. The fuel cell cathode catalyst composition according to claim 6, wherein tin is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 15 percent.
8. The fuel cell cathode catalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein structure of the metal composition comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of alloys, mixed oxides, hydrous oxides, mixed hydrides, bronzes, and pervoskites.
9. The fuel cell cathode catalyst composition according to claim 1, wherein the electrocatalyst has activity for the oxygen reduction reaction at least about twice as active as a standard platinum only electrocatalyst.
10. The fuel cell cathode catalyst composition according to claim 2, wherein the electrocatalyst has activity for the oxygen reduction reaction at least about twice as active as a standard platinum only electrocatalyst.
11. The fuel cell cathode catalyst composition according to claim 3, wherein the electrocatalyst has activity for the oxygen reduction reaction at least about twice as active as a standard platinum only electrocatalyst.
12. A fuel cell assembly comprising:
a cathode,
a membrane, and
an anode;
wherein the cathode comprises a catalyst layer consisting essentially of platinum, tungsten, and a third metal,
wherein platinum is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 20 percent and less than about 39 percent, tungsten is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 30 percent and about 75 percent, and the third metal is present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 40 percent, and
wherein the third metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, yttrium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium.
13. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 12, wherein the catalyst layer further consists essentially of a fourth metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 40 percent, and
wherein the fourth metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium, and
wherein the third metal and the fourth metal are not the same metal.
14. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 13, wherein the catalyst layer composition further consists essentially of a fifth metal present in an atomic percentage ranging between about 1 percent and about 40 percent, and
wherein the fifth metal is at least one member selected from the group consisting of scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin, hafnium, tantalum and rhenium, and
wherein the third metal, the fourth metal and the fifth metal are not the same metal.
15. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 12, wherein the cathode comprises a thin film electrocatalyst.
16. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 15, wherein the cathode comprises a supported nanoparticle-containing powder electrocatalyst.
17. The fuel cell assembly according to claim 12, wherein the cathode has activity for the oxygen reduction reaction at least about twice as active as a standard platinum only cathode.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A solid form comprising (a) 4-amino-2-(2,6-dioxopiperidine-3-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, stereoisomer, prodrug, or clathrate thereof; and (b) a coformer.
2. The solid form of claim 1, wherein the coformer is gallic acid, vanillin, cyclamic acid, D-glucose, magnesium bromide, malonic acid, maltol, methyl paraben, propyl gallate, saccharin, sodium lauryl sulfate, or zinc chloride.
3. The solid form of claim 2, wherein the coformer is gallic acid.
4. The solid form of claim 3 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at approximately 22.98, 26.16, and 26.90 degrees 2\u03b8.
5. The solid form of claim 4 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at approximately 15.52, 18.42 and 23.20 degrees 2\u03b8.
6. The solid form of claim 3 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern which matches the XRPD pattern presented in FIG. 1.
7. The solid form of claim 2, wherein the coformer is vanillin.
8. The solid form of claim 7 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at approximately 13.09, 17.30, and 25.61 degrees 2\u03b8.
9. The solid form of claim 8 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at approximately 12.25, 16.91, and 28.01 degrees 2\u03b8.
10. The solid form of claim 7 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern which matches the XRPD pattern presented in FIG. 2.
11. The solid form of claim 2, wherein the coformer is cyclamic acid.
12. The solid form of claim 11 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at approximately 6.42, 7.88, and 15.73 degrees 2\u03b8.
13. The solid form of claim 12 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at approximately 18.54 and 19.25 degrees 2\u03b8.
14. The solid form of claim 11 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern which matches the XRPD pattern presented in FIG. 3.
15. The solid form of claim 2, wherein the coformer is D-glucose.
16. The solid form of claim 15 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at approximately 17.09, 20.68, and 25.52 degrees 2\u03b8.
17. The solid form of claim 16 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at approximately 12.31, 14.08, and 17.35 degrees 2\u03b8.
18. The solid form of claim 15 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern which matches the XRPD pattern presented in FIG. 4.
19. The solid form of claim 2, wherein the coformer is propyl gallate.
20. The solid form of claim 19 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at approximately 7.78, 25.23, and 25.61 degrees 2\u03b8.
21. The solid form of claim 20 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at approximately 17.35 and 24.29 degrees 2\u03b8.
22. The solid form of claim 19 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern which matches the XRPD pattern presented in FIG. 5.
23. The solid form of claim 2, wherein the coformer is saccharin.
24. The solid form of claim 23 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at approximately 15.98, 19.09, and 25.10 degrees 2\u03b8.
25. The solid form of claim 24 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at approximately 20.07 and 25.73 degrees 2\u03b8.
26. The solid form of claim 23 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern which matches the XRPD pattern presented in FIG. 6.
27. The solid form of claim 2, wherein the coformer is sodium lauryl sulfate.
28. The solid form of claim 27 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at approximately 2.66, 5.30, and 7.93 degrees 2\u03b8.
29. The solid form of claim 28 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising a peak at approximately 2.20 degrees 2\u03b8.
30. The solid form of claim 27 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern which matches the XRPD pattern presented in FIG. 7.
31. The solid form of claim 2, wherein the coformer is magnesium bromide.
32. The solid form of claim 31 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at approximately 3.23, 28.76, and 29.95 degrees 2\u03b8.
33. The solid form of claim 32 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at approximately 25.72 and 29.87 degrees 2\u03b8.
34. The solid form of claim 31 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern which matches the XRPD pattern presented in FIG. 8.
35. The solid form of claim 2, wherein the coformer is malonic acid.
36. The solid form of claim 35 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at approximately 12.23, 16.63, and 25.58 degrees 2\u03b8.
37. The solid form of claim 36 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at approximately 17.27 and 24.29 degrees 2\u03b8.
38. The solid form of claim 35 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern which matches the XRPD pattern presented in FIG. 9.
39. The solid form of claim 2, wherein the coformer is maltol.
40. The solid form of claim 39 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at approximately 16.51, 17.09, and 25.73 degrees 2\u03b8.
41. The solid form of claim 40 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at approximately 13.93 and 24.25 degrees 2\u03b8.
42. The solid form of claim 39 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern which matches the XRPD pattern presented in FIG. 10.
43. The solid form of claim 2, wherein the coformer is methyl paraben.
44. The solid form of claim 43 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at approximately 18.73, 25.69, and 26.70 degrees 2\u03b8.
45. The solid form of claim 44 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at approximately 13.90 and 21.98 degrees 2\u03b8.
46. The solid form of claim 43 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern which matches the XRPD pattern presented in FIG. 11.
47. The solid form of claim 2, wherein the coformer is zinc chloride.
48. The solid form of claim 39 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks at approximately 2.38, 17.17, and 25.71 degrees 2\u03b8.
49. The solid form of claim 40 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern further comprising peaks at approximately 3.22 and 16.61 degrees 2\u03b8.
50. The solid form of claim 39 having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern which matches the XRPD pattern presented in FIG. 12.
51-76. (canceled)