What is claimed is:
1. An inductance measuring method for measuring an inductance of an inductor disposed on a semiconductor substrate, comprising the steps of:
supplying a current pulse to said inductor by applying a periodic voltage to a control electrode of a control transistor, said control transistor having a main electrode connected to one end of said inductor;
measuring a current during rising and falling terms of said current pulse by using a first measuring system connected to the other end of said inductor; and
measuring a current during rising and falling terms of said current pulse by using a second measuring system connected via a resistor to said main electrode of said control transistor,
wherein
said first measuring system comprises:
a first measuring line for measuring a current during the rising term of said current pulse, and
a second measuring line for measuring a current during the falling term of said current pulse,
said second measuring system comprises:
a third measuring line for measuring a current during the rising term of said current pulse, and
a fourth measuring line for measuring a current during the falling term of said current pulse,
whereby measuring an inductance of said inductor by separating the measurement of the current flowing across said inductor into a measurement of the current during the rising term of said current pulse and a measurement of the current during the falling term of said current pulse.
2. The inductance measuring method according to claim 1, wherein
said first measuring line comprises a first transistor having a first main electrode connected to said other end of said inductor and a first current measuring device connected to a second main electrode of said first transistor,
said second measuring line comprises a second transistor having a first main electrode connected to said other end of said inductor and a second current measuring device connected to a second main electrode of said second transistor,
said third measuring line comprises a third transistor having a first main electrode connected to one end of said resistor, whose other end is connected to said main electrode of said control transistor, and a third current measuring device connected to a second main electrode of said third transistor,
said fourth measuring line comprises a fourth transistor having a first main electrode connected to one end of said resistor, whose other end is connected to said main electrode of said control transistor, and a fourth current measuring device connected to a second main electrode of said fourth transistor,
said control transistor for supplying said current pulse is controlled in response to a control signal including a first transition term during which a voltage level changes from a first potential to a second potential and a second transition term during which the voltage level changes from said second potential to said first potential,
a first pulse signal is applied to said first and third transistors to turn on said first and third transistors for a duration including said first transition term of said control signal, and
a second pulse signal is applied to said second and fourth transistors to turn on said second and fourth transistors for a duration including said second transition term of said control signal.
3. The inductance measuring method according to claim 2, wherein said second pulse signal is an inversion of said first pulse signal.
4. The inductance measuring method according to claim 3, wherein
respective periods of said first and second pulse signals are identical with a period of said control signal, and
said first and second pulse signals are asynchronous with said control signal.
5. The inductance measuring method according to claim 1, wherein
a resistance value of said resistor is set to be equivalent to a resistance value of a parasitic resistance of said inductance.
6. The inductance measuring method according to claim 5, further comprising:
a fifth transistor having a first main electrode connected to said main electrode of said control transistor and a second main electrode connected to a first voltage measuring device;
a sixth transistor having a first main electrode connected to said other end of said inductor and a second main electrode connected to a second voltage measuring device; and
a seventh transistor having a first main electrode connected to one end of said resistor, whose other end is connected to said main electrode of said control transistor, and a second main electrode connected to a third voltage measuring device,
wherein said measuring method further comprising the steps of:
(a) pulse controlling said control transistor based on said control signal so as to produce said current pulse and fixing said fifth through seventh transistors to the OFF state, and pulse controlling said first through fourth transistors based on said first and second pulse signals to measure the currents flowing across said first through fourth current measuring devices;
(b) giving said control signal to said control transistor to bring said control transistor into the ON state while measuring the voltages applied to said first through third voltage measuring devices and measuring the currents flowing across said first through fourth current measuring devices under a condition where said first, third, and fifth through seventh transistors are fixed to the ON state and said second and fourth transistors are fixed to the OFF state;
(c) giving said control signal to said control transistor to bring said control transistor into the OFF state while measuring the current values flowing across said first through fourth current measuring devices under a condition where said second, fourth, and fifth through seventh transistors are fixed to the ON state and said first and third transistors are fixed to the OFF state; and
(d) calculating the inductance of said inductor based on the measuring results obtained through said steps (a) through (c).
7. The inductance measuring method according to claim 6, wherein
said step (a) includes a step of obtaining a time-average value ({overscore (I1)}) of first current, a time-average value ({overscore (I2)}) of second current, a time-average value ({overscore (I3)}) of third current, and a time-average value ({overscore (I4)}) of fourth current based on the first through fourth currents measured by said first through fourth current measuring devices during one period of said control signal,
said step (b) includes the steps of:
obtaining the resistance value (R1) of said parasitic resistor based on the voltages measured by said first and second voltage measuring devices and said first current (I1max) measured by said first current measuring device;
obtaining the resistance value (R2) of said resistor based on the voltages measured by said first and third voltage measuring devices and said third current (I3max) measured by said third current measuring device; and
obtaining the second current measured by said second current measuring device as a minimum second current (I2min),
said step (c) includes the steps of:
obtaining the first current measured by said first current measuring device as a minimum first current (I1min), and
obtaining the second current measured by said second current measuring device as a maximum second current (I2max),
and said step (d) includes a step of calculating the inductance (L) of said inductor based on the following formula.
14
L
=
(
R
2
I
3
_
–
R
1
I
1
_
)
–
(
R
2
I
4
_
–
R
1
I
2
_
)
(
I
1
max
–
I
1
min
)
+
(
I
2
max
–
I
2
min
)
f
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
What is claimed is:
1. A method of evaluating the antiviral activity of a test compound comprising:
a) contacting said test compound with Gag283 or a fragment thereof,
b) determining ability of said test compound to bind to the apical cleft near the C-terminal end of the N-terminal domain of a capsid protein, and
c) evaluating the antiviral effect of said compound.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the capsid protein is selected from the group consisting of viral capsid proteins and retroviral capsid proteins.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the retroviral capsid protein is HIV-1.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the capsid protein is mature.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the capsid protein is immature.
6. The method of claim 3 wherein the HIV-1 capsid protein is mature.
7. The method of claim 3 wherein the HIV-1 capsid protein is immature.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the antiviral activity is selected from the group consisting of inhibition of capsid assembly during viral maturation and inhibition of disassembly during infectivity.
9. A method of reducing mortality associated with AIDS comprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound that binds to the apical cleft near the C-terminal end of the N-terminal domain of the HIV capsid protein to a human suffering from AIDS.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the capsid protein is an HIV-1 capsid protein.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein the compound is selected form the group consisting of N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N-2-thioethyl-2-5-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2-methylfurylurea (CAP-1), N-(4-N-acetamidophenyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-2), N-(2-propyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-3), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-(4-cyanophenyl) urea (CAP-4), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-4-(1,1,1-trichloromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-5), N-(3-nitro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-3-(1,1,1-trifluoromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-6), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N,N-propyl urea (CAP-7).
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the compound is N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N-2-thioethyl-2-5-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2-methylfurylurea (CAP-1).
13. The method of claim 11 wherein the compound is N-(4-N-acetamidophenyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-2).
14. The method of claim 11 wherein the compound is N-(2-propyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-3).
15. The method of claim 11 wherein the compound is N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-(4-cyanophenyl) urea (CAP-4).
16. The method of claim 11 wherein the compound is N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-4-(1,1,1-trichloromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-5).
17. The method of claim 11 wherein the compound is N-(3-nitro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-3-(1,1,1-trifluoromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-6).
18. The method of claim 11 wherein the compound is N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N,N-propyl urea (CAP-7).
19. A method of treating a human suffering from AIDS comprising the step of administering a compound that binds to the apical cleft near the C-terminal end of the N-terminal domain of the HIV capsid protein in an amount effective to reduce the number and severity of morbidities.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein the HIV capsid protein is an HIV-1 capsid protein.
21. The method of claim 19 wherein the compound is selected form the group consisting of N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N-2-thioethyl-2-5-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2-methylfurylurea (CAP-1), N-(4-N-acetamidophenyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-2), N-(2-propyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-3), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-(4-cyanophenyl) urea (CAP-4), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-4-(1,1,1-trichloromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-5), N-(3-nitro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-3-(1,1,1-trifluoromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-6), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N,N-propyl urea (CAP-7).
22. The method of claim 21 wherein the compound is N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N-2-thioethyl-2-5-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2-methylfurylurea (CAP-1).
23. The method of claim 21 wherein the compound is N-(4-N-acetamidophenyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-2).
24. The method of claim 21 wherein the compound is N-(2-propyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-3).
25. The method of claim 21 wherein the compound is N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-(4-cyanophenyl) urea (CAP-4).
26. The method of claim 21 wherein the compound is N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-4-(1,1,1-trichloromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-5).
27. The method of claim 21 wherein the compound is N-(3-nitro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-3-(1,1,1-trifluoromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-6).
28. The method of claim 21 wherein the compound is), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N,N-propyl urea (CAP-7).
29. A method of evaluating a compound for the ability to inhibit -hairpin formation of Gag283 comprising:
a) contacting said compound with Gag283 or a fragment thereof, and
b) determining the ability of said compound to interfere with -hairpin formation of Gag283.
30. A method of screening a candidate compound for the ability to inhibit -hairpin formation of Gag283 comprising:
a) contacting said compound with Gag283 or a fragment thereof, and
b) determining the ability of said compound to interfere with -hairpin formation of Gag283.
31. A method of identifying a compound for the ability to inhibit -hairpin formation of Gag283 comprising:
a) generating a 3D computer model of Gag283 using Gag283 molecular coordinates, and
b) using said model to identify a compound that binds to Gag283.
32. A method of identifying a compound that binds to the apical cleft near the C-terminal end of the N-terminal domain of a viral capsid protein comprising:
a) generating a 3D computer model of Gag283 using Gag283 molecular coordinates, and
b) using said model to identify a compound that binds to said apical cleft.
33. The method of claim 32 wherein the capsid protein is an HIV-1 capsid protein.
34. A method of inhibiting capsid assembly with a compound that binds to the apical cleft near the C-terminal end of the N-terminal domain of a capsid protein.
35. The method of claim 34 wherein the capsid protein is selected from the group consisting of viral capsid proteins and retroviral capsid proteins.
36. The method of claim 35 wherein the capsid protein is an HIV-1 capsid protein.
37. The method of claim 34 wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N-2-thioethyl-2-5-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2-methylfurylurea (CAP-1), N-(4-N-acetamidophenyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-2), N-(2-propyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-3), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-(4-cyanophenyl) urea (CAP-4), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-4-(1,1,1-trichloromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-5), N-(3-nitro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-3-(1,1,1-trifluoromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-6), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N,N-propyl urea (CAP-7).
38. The method of claim 36 wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N-2-thioethyl-2-5-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2-methylfurylurea (CAP-1), N-(4-N-acetamidophenyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-2), N-(2-propyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-3), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-(4-cyanophenyl) urea (CAP-4), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-4-(1,1,1-trichloromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-5), N-(3-nitro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-3-(1,1,1-trifluoromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-6), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N,N-propyl urea (CAP-7).
39. A method of inhibiting capsid disassembly during infectivity with a compound that binds to the apical cleft near the C-terminal end of the N-terminal domain of a capsid protein.
40. The method of claim 39 wherein the capsid protein is selected from the group consisting of viral capsid proteins and retroviral capsid proteins.
41. The method of claim 39 wherein the capsid protein is an HIV-1 capsid protein.
42. The method of claim 39 wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N-2-thioethyl-2-5-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2-methylfurylurea (CAP-1), N-(4-N-acetamidophenyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-2), N-(2-propyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-3), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-(4-cyanophenyl) urea (CAP-4), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-4-(1,1,1-trichloromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-5), N-(3-nitro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-3-(1,1,1-trifluoromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-6), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N,N-propyl urea (CAP-7).
43. The method of claim 41 wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-N-2-thioethyl-2-5-(dimethylaminomethyl)-2-methylfurylurea (CAP-1), N-(4-N-acetamidophenyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-2), N-(2-propyl)-N-(3-nitro-4-methyl phenyl) urea (CAP-3), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-(4-cyanophenyl) urea (CAP-4), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N-4-(1,1,1-trichloromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-5), N-(3-nitro-4-fluorophenyl)-N-3-(1,1,1-trifluoromethyl)phenyl urea (CAP-6), N-(3-chloro-4-methyl phenyl)-N,N-propyl urea (CAP-7).
44. A compound or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt having the formula I:
3
wherein:
(a) R1 represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, nitro, OR8, SR8,, NHR8, NR8R9, NHCOOH, NHCH2COOH, NHCHR8COOH, NHCR8R9COOH, NR8COOR9, COOR8 or a hydrocarbon group comprising a straight chained, branched or cyclic group each containing up to 9 carbon atoms;
(b) R2 represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, nitro, OR8, SR8,, NHR8, NR8R9, NHCOOH, NHCH2COOH, NHCHR8COOH, NHCR8R9COOH, NR8COOR9, COOR8 or a hydrocarbon group comprising a straight chained, branched or cyclic group each containing up to 9 carbon atoms;
(c) R3 represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, nitro, OR8, SR8,, NHR8, NR8R9, NHCOOH, NHCH2COOH, NHCHR8COOH, NHCR8R9COOH, NR8COOR9, COOR8 or a hydrocarbon group comprising a straight chained, branched or cyclic group each containing up to 9 carbon atoms;
(d) R4 represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, nitro, OR8, SR8,, NHR8, NR8R9, NHCOOH, NHCH2COOH, NHCHR8COOH, NHCR8R9COOH, NR8COOR9, COOR8 or a hydrocarbon group comprising a straight chained, branched or cyclic group each containing up to 9 carbon atoms;
(e) R5 represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, nitro, OR8, SR8,, NHR8, NR8R9, NHCOOH, NHCH2COOH, NHCHR8COOH, NHCR8R9COOH, NR8COOR9, COOR8 or a hydrocarbon group comprising a straight chained, branched or cyclic group each containing up to 9 carbon atoms;
(f) Halogen is limited to fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo;
(g) R8 and R9 are independently methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, neo-pentyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclobutylethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, or cyclohexylethyl;
(h) The letters n, m, and p represent independently any integer from 1 to 6;
(i) R6 and R7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group comprising a straight chained, branched or cyclic group each containing up to 6 carbon atoms;
(j) X is selected from the group consisting of O or S;
(k) Y is heterocyclic, carbocyclic,or optionally substituted phenyl;
(l) Heterocyclic is selected from any stable 5, 6, or 7-membered monocyclic or bicyclic or 7, 8, 9, or 10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring which is saturated, partially unsaturated or unsaturated (aromatic), and which consists of carbon atoms and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, NH, O and S and including any bicyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to a benzene ring. The nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized. The heterocyclic ring may be attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in a stable structure. The heterocyclic rings described herein may be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen atom if the resulting compound is stable. If specifically noted, a nitrogen in the heterocycle may optionally be quaternized. It is preferred that when the total number of S and O atoms in the heterocycle exceeds 1, then these heteroatoms are not adjacent to one another. As used herein, the term aromatic heterocyclic system is intended to mean a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic or bicyclic or 7- to 10-membered bicyclic heterocyclic aromatic ring which consists of carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O and S. Examples of heterocycles include, but are not limited to, 1H-indazole, 2-pyrrolidonyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, 3H-indolyl, 4- piperidonyl, 4aH-carbazole, 4H-quinolizinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazalonyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, -carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl, dihydrofuro2,3-btetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl (benzimidazolyl), isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinyl., oxazolyl, oxazolidinylperimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxathiinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pteridinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, carbolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4- thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, and xanthenyl. Preferred heterocycles include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, indazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiaphenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, isoidolyl, piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, piperonyl, pyrrazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrazinyl, and pyrimidinyl, and fused ring and spiro compounds containing the above heterocycles;
(m) carbocyclic is intended to mean any stable 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7-membered monocyclic or bicyclic or 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13-membered bicyclic or tricyclic, any of which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic. Examples of such carbocycles include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, adamantyl, cyclooctyl,; 3.3.0 bicyclooctane, 4.3.0bicyclononane, 4.4.0bicyclodecane (decalin), 2.2.2bicyclooctane, fluorenyl, phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, adamantyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralin);
(n) Substituted phenyl is defined by Structure II
4
wherein:
(o) R10 represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, nitro, OR8, SR8, NHR8, NR8R9, NHCOOH, NHCH2COOH, NR8COOR9, COOR8 or a hydrocarbon group comprising a straight chained, branched or cyclic group each containing up to 9 carbon atoms;
(p) R11 independently represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, nitro, OR8, SR8,, NHR8, NR8R9, NHCOOH, NHCH2COOH, NR8COOR9, COOR8 or a hydrocarbon group comprising a straight chained, branched or cyclic group each containing up to 9 carbon atoms;
(q) R12 independently represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, nitro, OR8, SR8,, NHR8, NR8R9, NHCOOH, NHCH2COOH, NR8COOR9, COOR8 or a hydrocarbon group comprising a straight chained, branched or cyclic group each containing up to 9 carbon atoms;
(r) R13 independently represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, nitro, OR8, SR8,, NHR8, NR8R9, NHCOOH, NHCH2COOH, NR8COOR9, COOR8 or a hydrocarbon group comprising a straight chained, branched or cyclic group each containing up to 9 carbon atoms;
(s) R14 independently represents hydrogen, halogen, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, nitro, OR8, SR8,, NHR8, NR8R9, NHCOOH, NHCH2COOH, NR8COOR9, COOR8 or a hydrocarbon group comprising a straight chained, branched or cyclic group each containing up to 9 carbon atoms;
(t) R8 and R9 are independently methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, neo-pentyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclobutylethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, or cyclohexylethyl;
(u) Halogen is limited to fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.