1. A palladium-yttrium alloy catalyst consisting of an alloy of palladium and yttrium and having an activity for an oxygen reduction reaction, wherein the palladium-yttrium alloy is a totally homogeneous alloy, and yttrium is comprised in 18% to 22% of the alloy based on atomic composition.
2. The palladium-yttrium alloy catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the palladium-yttrium alloy exhibits stability.
3. A palladium-yttrium alloy catalyst consisting of an alloy of palladium and yttrium and having an activity for an oxygen reduction reaction, wherein the palladium-yttrium alloy is a totally homogeneous alloy, wherein yttrium is comprised in 22% of the alloy based on atomic composition.
4. A fuel cell comprising the palladium-yttrium alloy catalyst according to claim 3 in a fuel cell electrode.
5. A method for preparing a palladium-yttrium alloy catalyst having an activity for an oxygen reduction reaction, consisting of alloying palladium with yttrium, wherein the palladium-yttrium alloy is a totally homogeneous alloy, and yttrium is comprised in 18% to 22% of the alloy based on atomic composition.
6. The method for preparing a palladium-yttrium alloy catalyst according to claim 5, wherein said alloying comprises cosputter alloying, colloidal alloying, impregnation alloying or electroplating alloying.
7. A fuel cell comprising a palladium-yttrium alloy catalyst in a fuel cell electrode, wherein the palladium-yttrium alloy catalyst consists of an alloy of palladium and yttrium and has an activity for an oxygen reduction reaction, and the palladium-yttrium alloy is a totally homogeneous alloy, wherein yttrium is comprised in 11% to 22% of the alloy based on atomic composition.
8. A fuel cell comprising a palladium-yttrium alloy catalyst in a fuel cell electrode, wherein the palladium-yttrium alloy catalyst consists of an alloy of palladium and yttrium and has an activity for an oxygen reduction reaction, and the palladium-yttrium alloy is a totally homogeneous alloy, wherein yttrium is comprised in 18% to 22% of the alloy based on atomic composition.
9. A method for improving an activity for an oxygen reduction reaction of a palladium-yttrium alloy catalyst in a fuel cell electrode used in a fuel cell comprising: alloying palladium with yttrium so that the palladium-yttrium alloy is a totally homogeneous alloy and has an activity for an oxygen reduction reaction, wherein the palladium-yttrium alloy catalyst consists of an alloy of palladium and yttrium, and yttrium is comprised in 11% to 22% of the alloy based on atomic composition.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein yttrium is comprised in 18% to 22% of the alloy based on atomic composition.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. Procedure for control of data file transmission between transmitting units and receiving units, at which examples of a data file to be transmittedtransferred are stored at the transmitting units, comprising:
requesting transmission of segments of the data file from the transmitting units;
receiving said segments from the transmitting units;
when the transmission of one of said segments from one of the transmitting units is completed, requesting transmission of one more segment of the data file from the one of the transmitting units after transmission of said one more segment from another transmitting unit has started; and
requesting transmission of only a portion of said one more segment, the portion being included in a remainder of said one more segment that has not yet been transferred by the another transmitting unit.
2. Procedure as claimed in patent claim 1, wherein the requesting transmission of one more segment includes:
determining a segment having a largest portion that remains to be transmitted; and
requesting transmission of this determined segment.
3. Procedure as claimed in patent claim 1, wherein the requesting transmission of a portion of said one more segment includes:
determining how large a portion of the one more segment remains to be transferred;
estimating a transmission speed for the another transmitting unit that is busy transmitting said one more segment and for the one of the transmitting units from which transmission of said portion is to be requested;
determining, depending on the estimate transmission speeds, how large said portion shall be; and
requesting transmission of said portion.
4. Procedure as claimed in patent claim 1, further comprising:
estimating transmission speeds from respective transmitting units; and
requesting transmission of segments of different sizes, at which a size of respective segments is determined based on the estimated transmission speeds.
5. Procedure as claimed in patent claim 1, further comprising:
estimating transmission speeds from respective transmitting units; and
selecting transmitting units with regard to the estimated transmission speed from the respective transmitting units.
6. Device for control of data file transmission between transmitting units and receiving units, at which examples of a data file to be transferred are stored at a plurality of transmitting units, comprising:
a device to request transmission of segments of the data file from the transmitting units;
a device to receive said segments from the transmitting units;
when the transmission of one of said segments from one of the transmitting units is completed, to request transmission of one more segment of the data file from the one of the transmission units after transmission of the one more segment from another transmitting unit has started; and
a device to request transmission of only a portion of said one more segment, the portion being included in a remainder of said one more segment that has not yet been transferred by the another transmitting unit.
7. Device as claimed in patent claim 6, wherein the device to request transmission of one more segment includes:
a device to determine a segment having a largest portion that remains to be transmitted; and
a device to request transmission of this determined segment.
8. Device as claimed in patent claim 7, wherein the device to request transmission of a portion of said one more segment, includes:
a device to determine how large a portion of the one more segment remains to be transferred;
a device to estimate a transmission speed for the another transmitting unit which is busy transmitting said one more segment and for the one of the transmitting units from which transmission of said portion is to be requested;
a device to determine, depending on the estimated transmission speeds, a size of said portion; and
a device to request transmission of said portion.
9. Device as claimed in patent claim 6, further comprising:
a device to estimate transmission speeds from respective transmitting units; and
a device to request transmission of segments of different sizes and to determine the size of respective segment based on the estimated transmission speeds.
10. Device as claimed in patent claim 6, further comprising:
a device to estimate transmission speeds from respective transmitting units; and
a device to select transmitting units for the transmission with regard to the estimated transmission speed from the respective transmitting units.