1. A process for removing contaminants from flowback water from a natural gas well, the process using a wastewater concentrator including a gas inlet, a gas outlet, a concentrating section between the gas inlet and the gas outlet, the concentrating section having a narrowed portion, the process comprising:
mixing a reagent with liquid flowback water from a natural gas well, the reagent reacting with a soluble chemical compound in the liquid flowback water to form an insoluble chemical compound;
combining a gas and the liquid flowback water in the concentrating section to form a mixture of gas and entrained liquid flowback water, the entrained liquid flowback water including the insoluble chemical compound;
directing the combined gas and entrained liquid flowback water into a demister where at least some of the entrained liquid flowback water is removed from the gas and collected in a sump of the demister;
removing a portion of the liquid flowback water in the sump of the demister and sending the portion of the liquid flowback water to a settling tank where suspended solids and insoluble chemical compounds in the liquid flowback water separate from liquid portions of the liquid wastewater;
removing the separated solid portion from the settling tank and returning the separated liquid portion to the demister sump.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the reagent is sodium sulfate.
3. The process of claim 2, wherein the soluble chemical compound is barium chloride.
4. The process of claim 3, wherein a sulfate ion from the sodium sulfate reacts with a barium ion from the barium chloride to form barium sulfate, which is highly insoluble.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein the reagent is stored in a reagent tank that is connected to a liquid flowback water inlet for injecting liquid flowback water into the concentrating section.
6. The process of claim 1, wherein the reagent is stored in a reagent tank that is connected to the concentrating section upstream of the narrowed portion.
7. The process of claim 1, wherein the separated solid portion removed from the settling tank is sent to a vacuum belt filtration system for further solidliquid separation.
8. The process of claim 1, wherein the insoluble chemical compound is purified after removal from the settling tank.
9. The process of claim 8, wherein the purified insoluble chemical compound is sold for use in well drilling mud.
10. The process of claim 1, wherein a pump delivers reagent to the concentrating section, the pump delivering between approximately 150% and approximately 600% of the amount of reagent that would be needed to fully react with the soluble chemical compound.
11. The process of claim 10, wherein the pump delivers between approximately 200% and approximately 500% of the amount of reagent that would be needed to fully react with the soluble chemical compound.
12. The process of claim 11, wherein the pump delivers approximately 400% of the amount of reagent that would be needed to fully react with the soluble chemical compound.
13. The process of claim 1, wherein the liquid wastewater contains more than approximately 250,000 parts per million of dissolved solids.
14. A flowback concentrating and containment removal system for flowback water from natural gas wells, the system comprising:
a gas inlet;
a gas outlet;
a concentrating section disposed between the gas inlet and the gas outlet, the concentrating section having a narrowed portion in which gas flow within the concentrating section accelerates;
a liquid inlet through which flowback water is injected into the concentrating section, the liquid inlet being disposed in the concentrating section upstream of the narrowed portion;
a demister disposed downstream of the narrowed portion, the demister removing entrained liquid droplets from the gas flow; and
a reagent tank for holding a supply of reagent, the reagent tank being connected to the concentrating section to inject reagent into the concentrating section.
15. The system of claim 14, further comprising a reagent pump connected to the reagent tank.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein the reagent tank is connected to the liquid inlet.
17. The system of claim 15, wherein the reagent tank is connected to the concentrating section upstream of the narrowed portion.
18. The system of claim 15, wherein the entrained liquid droplets that are removed by the demister collect in a sump.
19. The system of claim 18, wherein the sump is connected to a settling tank and liquid and solid portions of the collected entrained liquid droplets separate from one another in the settling tank.
20. The system of claim 18, wherein the settling tank is connected to the sump with a return line that returns a liquid portion of the collected entrained liquid droplets to the sump.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A cutting insert comprising:
a body comprising an upper surface comprising a corner and a first side and a second side disposed on both sides of the corner, and a lower surface corresponding to the upper surface,
a cutting edge disposed along the corner and the first side;
a breaker groove disposed along the corner and the first side on the upper surface and lying inside of the cutting edge;
a protruded portion disposed corresponding to the corner on the upper surface and lying more inward than the breaker groove; and
an inclined side surface disposed along the first side on the upper surface and lying more inward than the breaker groove,
the protruded portion comprising:
a breaker projection adjacent to the corner;
a breaker wall face lying more inward than the breaker projection and connected with the breaker projection so as to project more upward than the breaker projection; and
a breaker side face connected with the breaker wall face and disposed along the first side,
wherein
the breaker wall face has a first width on a lower end thereof and a second width on a upper end thereof, wherein the second width is smaller than the first width, and is disposed corresponding to the corner as to be passed through by a bisector of the corner when viewed from above, and inclined to have a higher position as it departs from the corner in a vertical cross section with respect to the lower surface including the bisector of the corner,
the breaker side face is connected with the inclined side surface, and has a third width on a first end near the corner and a forth width on a second end near the inclined side surface, wherein the forth width is larger than the third with and
in the vertical cross section with respect to the lower surface including the bisector of the corner, the height of the breaker projection with respect to a reference line passing through the lowermost point of the breaker groove and being parallel to the lower surface is not more than half of the height of the top of the breaker wall face and lower than the height of the cutting edge along the corner.
2. The cutting insert according to claim 1 wherein the breaker side face comprises a recessed curved surface, and the inclined side surface comprises a recessed curved surface.
3. The cutting insert according to claim 1 wherein a connection part between the breaker wall face and the breaker side face is filleted.
4. The cutting insert according to claim 1 wherein,
both ends of the corner lie on a line orthogonal to the bisector when viewed from above,
the breaker grooves has a tip region lying between two lines, the two lines passing through both ends of the corner, respectively, and being parallel to the bisector, when viewed from above, and
the breaker projection and the breaker wall face are disposed in the tip region.
5. The cutting insert according to claim 1 wherein the breaker projection comprises two flat surfaces having an intersecting ridge on the bisector, or a projected curved surface.
6. A cutting tool comprising a holder, and the cutting insert according to claim 1 attached to a tip end of the holder.
7. A cutting tool comprising a holder, and a cutting insert attached to a tip end of the holder,
the cutting insert comprising:
an upper surface having a corner and a first side and a second side disposed on both sides of the corner;
a lower surface corresponding to the upper surface;
a cutting edge along the corner and the first side;
a breaker groove disposed along the corner and the first side on the upper surface and lying inside of the cutting edge;
a protruded portion disposed corresponding to the corner on the upper surface nad lying more inward than the breaker groove; and
an inclined side surface disposed along the first side on the upper surface and lying more inward than the breaker groove,
the protruded portion comprising:
a breaker projection adjacent to the corner;
a breaker wall face lying more inward than the breaker projection and connected with the breaker projection so as to project more upward than the breaker projection; and
a breaker side face connected with the breaker wall face and disposed along the first side,
wherein
the breaker wall face has a first width on a lower end thereof and a second width on a upper end thereof, wherein the second width is smaller than the first width, and is divided into two by a bisector of the corner when viewed from above, and inclined to have a higher position as it departs from the corner in a vertical cross section with respect to the lower surface including the bisector of the corner,
the breaker side face is connected with the inclined side surface, and has a third width on a first end near the corner and a forth width on a second end near the inclined side surface, wherein the forth width is larger than the third width and
in the vertical cross section with respect to the lower surface including the bisector of the corner, the height of the breaker projection with respect to a reference line passing through the lowermost point of the breaker groove and being parallel to the lower surface is not more than half of the height of the top of the breaker wall face and lower than the height of the cutting edge along the corner.
8. A method of cutting a work material by using the cutting tool according to claim 6, comprising:
relatively bringing the cutting tool near the work material;
cutting a surface of the work material by rotating the work material and bringing the cutting edge into contact with the surface of the work material; and
relatively separating the work material and the cutting tool.
9. The cutting insert according to claim 1 wherein the width of the breaker wall face gets smaller as it goes upward.
10. The cutting insert according to claim 1 wherein the width of the breaker side face gets a larger as it departs from the corner along the first side.
11. The cutting insert according to claim 1 wherein the breaker groove comprises a first face having a flat surface and disposed between the breaker projection and the corner.
12. The insert according to claim 11 wherein the first face is extended along the first side.
13. The cutting insert according to claim 1 wherein the inclined side surface is extended far from the bisector of the corner as it departs from the corner.
14. The cutting insert according to claim 1 wherein the breaker wall face consists of one surface.
15. The cutting insert according to claim 14 wherein the breaker wall face consists of one substantially plane surface.
16. The cutting insert according to claim 14 wherein the breaker wall face has a substantially symmetrical shape with respect to the bisector of the corner when viewed from above.
17. The cutting insert according to claim 1 wherein a connection part between the breaker wall face and the breaker side face has a upwardly projected curved shape.
18. The cutting insert according to claim 1 wherein the width of the protruded portion gets larger as it departs from the corner when viewed from above.