1. A compound having formula (II):
wherein:
R1 and R2 independently are a C1-20 alkyl group or a C1-20 haloalkyl group;
Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, and Ar4 independently are an optionally substituted C6-14 aryl group or an optionally substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl group;
\u03c0, at each occurrence, independently is an optionally substituted polycyclic aryl or heteroaryl group;
m1, m2, m3 and m4 independently are 1, 2, 3 or 4; and
p is 0 or 1.
2. An electronic, optical or optoelectronic device comprising a molecular semiconductor component, the molecular semiconductor component comprising a compound having formula (II):
wherein:
R1 and R2 independently are a C1-20 alkyl group or a C1-20 haloalkyl group;
Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, and Ar4 independently are an optionally substituted C6-14 aryl group or an optionally substituted 5-14 membered heteroaryl group;
\u03c0, at each occurrence, independently is an optionally substituted polycyclic aryl or heteroaryl group;
m1, m2, m3 and m4 independently are 1, 2, 3 or 4; and
p is 0 or 1.
3. The device of claim 2, wherein Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, and Ar4 independently are an optionally substituted thienyl group or an optionally substituted bicyclic heteroaryl group comprising a thienyl group fused with a 5-membered heteroaryl group.
4. The device of claim 2, wherein the compound has the formula:
wherein:
R3, R4, R5, and R6, at each occurrence, independently are selected from H and R7, wherein R7, at each occurrence, independently is selected from a halogen, CN, a C1-20 alkyl group, a C1-20 haloalkyl group, a C1-20 alkoxy group, and a C1-20 alkylthio group; and
R1, R2, \u03c0, and p are as defined in claim 2.
5. The device of claim 4, wherein p is 1.
6. The device of claim 5, wherein \u03c0 is an optionally substituted heteroaryl group represented by a formula selected from:
wherein Het, at each occurrence, is a monocyclic moiety including at least one heteroatom in its ring and optionally substituted with 1-2 R10 groups, wherein R8, R9, and R10 independently can be H or R7, wherein R7, at each occurrence, independently is selected from a halogen, CN, a C1-20 alkyl group, a C1-20 haloalkyl group, a C1-20 alkoxy group, and a C1-20 alkylthio group.
7. The device of claim 2, wherein the compound is:
wherein R1, R2 and R10 independently are a C1-20 alkyl group.
The claims below are in addition to those above.
All refrences to claim(s) which appear below refer to the numbering after this setence.
1. A continuous electrolytic pickling method for steels, Nickel super alloys, Titanium and alloys thereof, characterised in that the material to be treated, for a time comprised between 3 sec and 60 sec, is immersed or travels through at least one electrolytic cell with an electrolytic solution, free from nitric acid, consisting of a neutral or acid aqueous solution, comprising sulphuric acid from 20 to 300 gl at a temperature comprised between 20 C. and 95 C., with at least one pair of electrodes connected to an alternate current power supply having a frequency ranging from 40 Hz to 70 Hz, the electrolysis being carried out at a current density having an effective amplitude ranging from 10 Adm2 to 250 Adm2.
2. The electrolytic pickling method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolytic solution is an aqueous solution, at a temperature comprised between 20 C. and 95 C., containing the following components having concentrations expressed in gl:
sulphuric acid (H2SO4) from 20 to 300, and at least one among
hydrofluoric acid (HF) from 5 to 50
orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4) from 5 to 200
ferric ion (Fe3) from 5 to 40.
3. The electrolytic pickling method for stainless steels according to any one of the claims 1 to 2, wherein the electrolytic solution is maintained at a temperature between 70 C. and 90 C. and comprises sulphuric acid at a concentration comprised between 150 gl and 250 gl, and ferric ions (Fe3) at a concentration of from 5 gl to 40 gl.
4. The electrolytic pickling method for Nickel-base super alloys and for Titanium and alloys thereof according to claims 1 to 2, wherein the electrolytic solution is maintained at a temperature between 70 and 90 C. and comprises sulphuric acid at a concentration between 150 gl and 250 gl and at least one between hydrofluoric acid at a concentration between 5 gl and 50 gl and hydrochloric acid at a concentration between 5 gl and 50 gl.
5. The electrolytic pickling method for carbon steel according to any one of the claims 1 to 2, wherein the electrolytic solution is maintained at 70 C.-90 C. and comprises sulphuric acid at a concentration between 150 gl and 250 gl.
6. The electrolytic pickling method according to claim 1, wherein the electrolytic solution is a sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) aqueous solution having a concentration ranging from 25 gl to 300 gl at a temperature between 50 C. and 95 C.
7. The electrolytic pickling method according to any one of the claims 1 to 6, wherein pairs of adjacent electrodes are connected to two separate power supplies, so that the current lines, outputted from a first electrode pair facing one side of the material to be treated, cross said material and close again on a second electrode pair, opposed to the first pair and facing the other side of the material to be treated, defining a substantially X-shaped course.
8. The electrolytic pickling method according to any one of the claims 1 to 6, wherein electrodes facing one side of the material to be treated are connected to a power supply, so that the current lines, which are outputted from said electrodes and cross the material, close again on other electrodes opposed to the first ones and facing the opposite side of the material to be treated, defining a course which is substantially orthogonal to said sides of the material to be treated.
9. A use of the electrolytic pickling method according to claims 1 to 8, for inducing a physical-chemical modification of the scale of the metallic oxides present onto the surface of the material to be pickled.
10. The use of the electrolytic pickling method according to claim 9, for stainless steels, with a treatment time between 1 and 1.0 sec.
11. The use of the electrolytic pickling method according to claims 1 to 8, in a step subsequent to that of the physical-chemical modification of the scale of metallic oxides present onto the surface of the material to be pickled.
12. The use of the electrolytic pickling method according to claim 11in a step subsequent to that of the physical-chemical modification of the scale of metallic oxides present onto the surface of the material to be pickledfor stainless steels, with a treatment time comprised between 2 sec and 15 sec.
13. The use of the pickling method according to claims 1 to 12, combined to other conventional pickling systems.
14. Electrolytic cells, characterised in that they have an electrode connection as indicated in claim 7 or 8.